Reconstituted oils

RCO Reconstituted oils. Created in the laboratory and unlike natural and... 

A wide variety of species have been treated with both case-associated and reconstituted oils, with only a few reports that some of the classical symptoms have been observed in mice (eosinophilia and elevated IgE) and rats (lung oedema, respiratory difficulties, splenomegaly). Possible explanations for the generally negative results in animal models are that toxic oil syndrome may be a uniquely human disease, animals may have a lower sensitivity to toxic oils, the dose used may not have been adequate, and multiple agents, genetic factors, and biochemical alterations may be involved in disease development. 

Reconstituted oils n. Drying oils which are made by the re-esterification of selected fatty acids, previously derived ffom a natural drying oil. 

A process has been developed (139) whereby up to 80% of the oil can be removed from whole, raw peanuts without the use of solvent. In this process, the blanched peanuts are brought to a proper moisture content, pressed mechanically, and then reshaped or reconstituted by dipping in hot water subsequently they can be roasted and salted, or used in confections or other formulations. Defatted peanuts may also be ground into meal and added to cookies, cakes, and many other products, where they impart a distinctly nutty flavor and cmnchy texture. On the other hand, the resulting high grade oil is refined and employed in cooking and industrial products. This process can also be used for pecans, walnuts, almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, and other nuts (140-142). 

The effect of oil/water ratio has been studied extensively for various catalysts. Patel et al. [258] reported effect of oil/water ratio on rate of desulfurization by IGTS8. They used freeze-dried cells reconstituted with water to do the studies. They found that a minimum of 1.25 mL of water per gram of freeze-dried cells is necessary to enable biodesulfurization. At a W/O ratio of 1 9, about 82% of the maximum desulfurization activity was achieved. The rate of desulfurization was reported to be similar between the W/O ratio of 1 1 and 4 1, but decreased upon increasing oil content further. The effect of the ratio was also studied by Shan et al. using diesel oil as the oil phase and P. delafieldii R-8 as the biocatalyst [259], The water content was varied to obtain a W/O ratio between 0 1 and 20 1, using a fixed amount of biocatalyst and oil. The authors found that the desulfurization rate increased up to a W/O ratio of 2 1, after which it remained constant. 

Originally, full cream milk solids were used but now where possible skim milk solids are substituted. A few products are still made from full cream milk solids but this is now rare. In some cases butter or butter oil is added to replace the fat that has been removed from the skim milk. In other cases the fat content of the milk is replaced with vegetable fat. It might appear curious that whole milk is effectively reconstituted from skim milk and butter but there are good reasons. Skim milk powder keeps better than full cream milk powder. Using skim milk and butter can under certain conditions be economically advantageous. 

Reconstituted aqueous suspensions of neomycin sulphate, containing tragacanth and sugar have been shown to be stable for 10 days when stored at 4°C but some loss of potency was observed when the suspension was exposed to daylight- . Non-aqueous suspensions containing peanut oil and lanolin have been reported298 which are stable for 1 year at 20°C. 

FIGURE 5.3 Orthogonal sections (A, B, and C) of a reconstituted image obtained by CLSM, showing the oil location in the crust of a fried potato from Bouchon and Aguilera (2001). 

Dry environmental quality PetroKlenz must be reconstituted with water and made into a slurry. The organisms will be ineffective if they are applied as dry cultures over the oil. The effective use of PetroKlenz in a biotreatment program is dependent upon the environmental conditions present at the site. Adverse conditions such as cold temperatures, oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus-deficient water, chemical toxic load, highly acidic or alkaline conditions, or excessive dilution of biomass by tides and currents, may retard or prevent biodegradation. 

Although a small amount of acyclic terpene acids such as geranic acid and citronel-lic acid occurs in many essential oils, often as esters, they are rarely used in perfume and flavor compositions. Methyl geranate is an intermediate in a-damascone synthesis and is sometimes needed in the reconstitution of essential oils. 

Because the lower fatty acid esters of geraniol, linalool, and citronellol are important contributors to the odor of many essential oils, these esters are widely used in the reconstitution of such oils, as well as in perfume and flavor compositions. The acetates, particularly linalyl acetate, are most widely used. The use of formates is limited by their relative instability. Higher esters are not important in terms of quantity, but are indispensable for creating specific nuances. 

Cyclic terpene hydrocarbons occur in essential oils, sometimes in large amounts. They often serve as starting materials for the synthesis of fragrance and flavor materials. By themselves they generally contribute relatively little to fragrance and aroma. They are used mainly in household perfumery and for reconstitution of essential oils. 

As in the case of the cyclic monoterpene hydrocarbons, a number of the cyclic sesquiterpenes are used as starting materials in the synthesis of fragrance and flavor substances or for the reconstitution of essential oils. 

Bomeol is used in the reconstitution of the essential oils in which it occurs naturally. 

Menthyl acetate is prepared by acetylation of (-)-menthol (e.g., with acetic anhydride). It is used mainly in peppermint flavors and reconstituted peppermint oils, but also to a small extent in perfumery. 

Because of its odor properties, stability, and low price, large quantities of terpinyl acetate are used in perfumery for lavender and bergamot types, as well as in essential oil reconstitutions. 

Uses. Isoeugenol is used in perfumery in a large number of blossom compositions, mostly for clove and carnation types, but also in oriental perfumes. Small amounts are employed in aromas and in reconstituted essential oils. 

Linalool oxide is used in perfumery (e.g., for lavender notes) and for reconstitution of essential oils. 

The problem of emulsion stability remains. While no data are presented here, the orange oil separated quite rapidly once the powdered products were reconstituted. While wheat, amylomaize and rice encapsulated products appeared more stable, their emulsion stabilities were still unacceptable. 

Recoverable oil (% by volume) of 10°B liquid reconstituted from concentrate is usually low (0.005 to 0.015%). Pulp-wash normally contains no floating pulp and should be reasonably free of hesperidin crystals and other defects. Pectinesterase activity should not exceed 5.0 P.E.U. (1 P.E.U. represents 1 meq. ester hydrolyzed per min per ml per °B) (43). 

---