Vessel materials

FI4344 Reconstitution techniques qualification and evaluation to study ageing Dhenomena of nuclear oressure vessel materials Dr Eric Van Walle Studiecentrum voor kernenergie... 

Fluid Wick-vessel material Temperature range, K... 

Planeta-iy Type. Paddles or whips of various configurations are mounted in an off-center head that moves around the central axis of a bowl or vessel. Material is mixed locally and moved inward from the bowl side, causing intermixing. This mixer handles dry materials or pastes. 

Reductive alkylations and aminations requite pressure-rated reaction vessels and hiUy contained and blanketed support equipment. Nitrile hydrogenations are similar in thein requirements. Arylamine hydrogenations have historically required very high pressure vessel materials of constmction. A nominal breakpoint of 8 MPa (- 1200 psi) requites yet heavier wall constmction and correspondingly more expensive hydrogen pressurization. Heat transfer must be adequate, for the heat of reaction in arylamine ring reduction is - 50 kJ/mol (12 kcal/mol) (59). Solvents employed to maintain catalyst activity and improve heat-transfer efficiency reduce effective hydrogen partial pressures and requite fractionation from product and recycle to prove cost-effective. 

Zirconium is used as a containment material for the uranium oxide fuel pellets in nuclear power reactors (see Nuclearreactors). Zirconium is particularly usehil for this appHcation because of its ready availabiUty, good ductiUty, resistance to radiation damage, low thermal-neutron absorption cross section 18 x 10 ° ra (0.18 bams), and excellent corrosion resistance in pressurized hot water up to 350°C. Zirconium is used as an alloy strengthening agent in aluminum and magnesium, and as the burning component in flash bulbs. It is employed as a corrosion-resistant metal in the chemical process industry, and as pressure-vessel material of constmction in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes. 

Pressure storage tanks should be coirelated using /lb vs. w eight, much the same as other pressure vessels. Materials of construction, of course, would be another variable. Special internals, insulation, and internal heat exchangers should again be separated from the base cost of the tank. The w eight of supports, ladders, and platforms should be estimated and added to the weight of the... 

Walter, R. J., and Chandler, W. T Effects of High Pressure Hydrogen on Storage Vessel Materials, paper presented at meeting of American Society for Metals, Los Angeles, March 1968. 

Pressure vessel Material steel steel steel concrete... 

Edwards, K. L. and Norris, M. J. 1999. Materials and Constructions Used m Devices to Prevent the Spread of Flames m Pipelines and Vessels. Materials and Design, 20(5), 245-252. 

A container can fail for a number of reasons. It can be damaged by impact from an object, thus causing a crack to develop and grow, either as a result of internal pressure, vessel material brittleness, or both. Thus, the container may rupture completely after impact. Weakening the container s metal beyond the point at which it can withstand internal pressure can also cause large cracks, or even... 

McHenry, H. I., Read, D. T. and Shives, T. R., Failure analysis of an amine-absorber pressure vessel. Materials Performance, 26, 18-24 (1987)... 

The need for temperature cycling should be taken into account when designing or conducting tests. The nature of the test vessel should be considered for tests in aqueous solutions at temperatures above about 60°C since soluble constituents of the test vessel material can inhibit or accelerate the corrosion process. An inhibiting effect of soluble species from glass, notably silica, on the behaviour of steel in hot water has been shown . Pure quartz or polymeric materials are often more appropriate for test vessel construction. 

Bag filters are perhaps the most widely used of these types of pretreatment equipment, and they are also commonly employed (and highly recommended) for sidestream application in HW boiler circuits. They are reliable and robust and tend to be available in an almost infinite number of permutations. When sizing, specification items to be considered include flow rates, vessel materials, housing and support-basket sizes, pipe sizes, connection threads and flanges, outlet positions, code and pressure ratings, gasket materials, bag shapes, bag materials, and micron ratings. 

Table 3.23 gives an overview of the vessel types in use for microwave applications. It is especially important to distinguish between open vessel (as used in Sox wave ) and closed vessel (pressurised) microwave heating systems (as in MAE). Both open-vessel and closed-vessel microwave systems use direct absorption of microwave radiation through essentially microwave transparent vessel materials (Teflon, PC). 

For most pressure-vessel materials Poisson s ratio can be taken as 0.3 substituting this in equation 13.50 gives ... 

The national pressure vessel codes and standards require that all pressure vessels be subjected to a pressure test to prove the integrity of the finished vessel. A hydraulic test is normally carried out, but a pneumatic test can be substituted under circumstances where the use of a liquid for testing is not practical. Hydraulic tests are safer because only a small amount of energy is stored in the compressed liquid. A standard pressure test is used when the required thickness of the vessel parts can be calculated in accordance with the particular code or standard. The vessel is tested at a pressure above the design pressure, typically 25 to 30 per cent. The test pressure is adjusted to allow for the difference in strength of the vessel material at the test temperature compared with the design temperature, and for any corrosion allowance. 

Turntable Vessel volume Operation volume Vessel material Max. temperature Temp, measurement 3 x 96-well plates 1 mL min. 0.1 mL glass 150 °C fiber optic 52 x 50 mL max. 30 mL glass or PFA 150 °C fiber optic 120 x 15 mL max. 10 mL glass or PFA 150 °C fiber optic... 

Thailand. In Organic Contents of Ancient Vessels Materials Analysis and Archaeological Investigation, ed. Biers, W.R. and McGovern, P.E., MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, Volume 7, The University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, pp. 59 67. 

The classical PTFE decomposition bomb is not discussed here because it is no longer state of the art. If the well-known disadvantages of PTFE as vessel material are accepted, a combination with microwave heating will be advantageous. 

Table 4.4 compares the most important information about the three decomposition systems. The main differences lie in the method of heating and the vessel material. The decomposition methods of the CEM Corporation, Floyd Corporation and Paar... 

Fatigue Properties of Candidate Metais. We assume that the fatigue crack growth law in the vessel material is described by the Paris equation [Eq. (5.48)] ... 

---