Other Plant Parts

Leaves and other plant parts such as endocarps of certain fruits and straw of herbaceous plants were also studied by pyrolysis. There are various purposes for these studies, but in principle they have the same purpose as the studies done on wood. 

Some are associated with the analysis of industrial products generated from different 

As in the case of wood, besides pyrolysate composition, smoke composition of other plant parts such as dry leaves has been the subject of different studies [34]. As plants may contain a variety of biopolymers and small molecules, some of them specific for a certain plant, smoke composition can be very diverse. This explains why certain particular types of smoke are related to specific plants and specific plant parts. As an example, the smoke associated with roasting coffee contains phenols and pyrazines generated from both biopolymers and small molecules. One such small molecule from coffee that generates by pyrolysis a variety of phenols is chlorogenic acid. 

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In an important next step, it has been found that flowers and other plant parts can be analyzed by using head space techniques without removing them from the living plant (3). It was immediately observed that there are remarkable differences in the volatile compositions observed from Hve and picked flowers. This is exemplified for jasmine flowers in Table 3. Reconstitutions produced from this information have provided perfumers with novel and fresh notes for use in their creations. This technique continues to be appHed to many kinds and varieties of flowers, leaves (herbs, spices), and fmits. The reasons for the remarkable differences observed are not known. 

Plant Material - The yellow heartwood was separated from the sapwood of JL, tullplfera and air dried before grinding. Other plant parts (leaf, stem bark, root bark, root, fruit, and flower) were collected, but alcoholic extracts showed no antimicrobial activity. 

Similar data have been secured for the other plant parts studied to date. Minced... 

Experiment II. Volatile compounds from leaves and bulbs Volatiles (terpenoids, ethylene and other compounds) can be released from the leaves and other plant parts and consequently can affect the germination of seeds, growth and development of neighbouring plants in ecosystems. 

Silver is a normal trace constituent of many organisms (Smith and Carson 1977). In terrestrial plants, silver concentrations are usually less than 1.0 mg/kg ash weight (equivalent to less than 0.1 mg/kg DW) and are higher in trees, shrubs, and other plants near regions of silver mining. Seeds, nuts, and fruits usually contain higher silver concentrations than other plant parts (USEPA 1980). Silver accumulations in marine algae (max. 14.1 mg/kg DW) are due mainly to adsorption rather than uptake bioconcentration factors of 13,000 to 66,000 are not uncommon (USPHS 1990 Ratte 1999). 

Symptoms Black or brown sootlike deposits on upper leaf surfaces and other plant parts. Plants may also be infested with sap-feeding pests such as aphids, whiteflies, scale, or mealybugs. 

Transmission of engineered plant pollen or other plant parts hy grazing wildlife, bees and other pollinating insects, and organisms that live in the soil ... 

Cutinite maceral derived from the waxy coatings (cuticles) of leaves and other plant parts. 

Biotic Agents. It is well-established that treatment of plants with virulent or avirulent forms of a pathogen, or with a non-pathogen, may induce the formation of fungitoxic compounds (phytoalexins) which prevent or retard subsequent infection by a pathogen. The phytoalexins are formed at the site of inoculation and are not transported to other plant parts. 

This compound, present at ppb levels in the pollen, has not yet been found in any other plant part. It appears to be unique both in chemical structure and in biological activity. 

Since most of the CDDs released into the atmosphere settle onto water and soil surfaces, foliar deposition is the major route of vegetative contamination (Travis and Hattemer-Frey 1987). The translocation of foliar-applied 2,3,7,8-TCDD has been studied (Kearney et al. 1971). Labeled 2,3,7,8-TCDD was applied to the center leaflet of the first trifoliate leaf of 3-week-old soybean plants and the first leaf blade of 12-day-old oat plants. The compound was applied in an aqueous surfactant solution to enhance leaf adsorption and to keep the water-insoluble TCDD in solution. Plants were harvested 2, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment, dissected into treated and untreated parts, and analyzed. 2,3,7,8-TCDD was not translocated from the treated leaf to other plant parts. Very little 2,3,7,8-TCDD was lost from soybean leaves, while a gradual loss (38% in 21 days) did occur from oat leaves (Kearney et al. 1971). The authors considered volatilization to be a possible mechanism for removal of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, but photolysis may also have contributed to the loss. 

Approximately 20 weeks after planting, tuber bulking accelerated, with stored carbon redistributed from other organs into the developing tubers (Somda et al., 1999). The tubers continued to accumulate carbon until the final harvest, at which time they contained 93.3 mg g 1 dwt or 437.8 mgg fwt (Table 10.5). By the end of the developmental cycle the tubers accounted for approximately 68% of the total plant carbon content, compared to 28% for the stems and less than 2% for each of the other plant parts. Approximately 61.2, 65.3, and 42.7% of carbon in the leaves, stems/branches, and rhizomes, respectively, were redistributed to the tubers (or lost via respiratory or other processes). The stems/branches contributed the greatest percentage of carbon to the mature tubers (77.2%), followed by the leaves (14.7%) and rhizomes (1.7%). 

P and, to some extent, N, K, and S are higher in the tubers, whereas Ca and Mn concentrations are much lower than in other plant parts, the selectivity of which is thought to be associated with the mobility of each element and its physiological function in the plant. Macronutrient harvest indices range from only 16% for Ca to 94% for P (Table 10.6). Among the micronutrients, only Cu, Fe, Na, and Zn harvest indices were above 50%. The concentration of the other mineral elements (Ba, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, and Sr) in the tubers is low. 

Systemics are used to kill disease organisms on living plants. Systemic chemicals are transported in the sap stream from the application site to other plant parts. This type of chemical may act as both a protectant and an... 

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