Directional difference

For a two-dimensional array of equally spaced holes the difftaction pattern is a two-dimensional array of spots. The intensity between the spots is very small. The crystal is a three-dimensional lattice of unit cells. The third dimension of the x-ray diffraction pattern is obtained by rotating the crystal about some direction different from the incident beam. For each small angle of rotation, a two-dimensional difftaction pattern is obtained. 

Secondary loss. This loss is caused by the movement of the boundary layers in a direction different from the main stream. This loss is small in a well-designed machine and is usually less than 1 %. 

The low-momentum air, which is supplied from a relatively wide supply inlet, functions to transport contaminants to near the exterior hood. In addition, it functions to change the direction of contaminants toward the exterior hood when the direction of contaminated air is initially different from the exhaust direction. The momentum or velocity of the supply air to reach to the exterior hood will be sufficient when the motion of contaminants can be neglected. However, when the contaminated air exhibits significant motion or flows in a direction different from the exterior hood, the supply air velocity should have a sufficient momentum to control the contaminant flow. 

As in the case of benzimidazole, a parallel synthesis of benzoxazoles was described. The authors report that mixing directly differently substituted o-amino phenols 193 with acylating agents 194 and heating at 200 °C for 10-15 min under microwave irradiation, a collection of benzoxazoles 195 was obtained (Scheme 70). With this reaction, a 48-member library of benzoxazoles with different substituents on the aromatic rings was obtained [125]. 

Hirose et al. [26] proposed a homodyne scheme to achieve the background-free detection of the fourth-order field. With pump irradiation in a transient grating configuration, the fourth-order field propagates in a direction different from that of the second-order field because of different phase match conditions. The fourth-order field is homodyned to make ffourth(td. 2 D) and spatially filtered from the second-order response hecond td, 2 D). 

As mentioned above, the charged molecules drift along the electric field direction in the electrophoretic manipulation. In principle, the drift direction is determined by the electric field direction. Differences in the drift velocity are what act to separate... 

Superimposed on these indirect influences on the shapes of the canals are the direct differences due to bridges on the syn and anti faces. The anti faces are generally closer to the axis of the canal and have greater influence on shape. It is significant that all of these effects can be recognised, and probably controlled, without recourse to considerations of the shape of the guest molecule. 

There is no reason to think that the other kind of hypothetical module, the kind exemplified by the rape module that directs different responses to different situations, will be any less susceptible to developmental variation than quasi-deterministic modules such as the homosexuality module. Plus, for that matter, there is no particular reason to suppose that there will be less initial genetic variability in cases such as the rape module. So perhaps the perspectives of evolutionary psychology and behavioural genetics should not be seen as fundamentally disparate. 

Because carbon fibers of different diameters are available and because construction parameters can be varied, it is possible to engineer composites having desired characteristics. By varying the orientation, concentration, and type of fiber, materials can be developed for specific applications. The fibers can be layered at different angles to minimize directional differences in properties. Also, layers of fibers can be impregnated with epoxy resin to form sheets that can be shaped prior to polymerization of the resin. 

FIGURE 8.4 Rotation of the dispersing element directs different wavelengths to emerge from the exit slit. 

The experiment was nonetheless instructive, and one could hardly ask human subjects to participate in a more rigorous test. Two facts stand out in addition to what has already been said (1) Substantial variation was observed among the nine individuals, and (2) this variation may have been due to differences in intestinal flora rather than to more direct differences in need. It should be pointed out, however, that differences in need based upon differences in intestinal flora may be real and just as exacting as if the differences had a different origin. Presumably differences in intestinal flora are due to the different "climates" which are distinctive for each individual (p. 149). If we take the experiments and the authors interpretation at face value, we are led to conclude that some individuals can get along with practically no thiamine in their dieta conclusion which certainly points toward high variability of needs. 

Reuter G, Spierer P (1992) Position effect variegation and chromatin proteins. Bioessays 14 605—612 Rice JC, Briggs SD, Ueberheide B, Barber CM, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Shinkai Y, Allis CD (2003) Histone methyltransferases direct different degrees of methylation to define distinct chromatin domains. Mol Cell 12 1591-1598... 

FIGURE 4.8 Pigeons in Italy misorient when deprived of olfaction, while those in New York and Germany were unaffected. In Italy (left), anosmic birds headed into a direction different from home, while no such difference between anosmic and control birds was found in New York and Germany. (Anosmic birds had their nostrils plugged with citrus oil-soaked cotton until release, and an anesthetic was sprayed into their nostrils at the time of release. This renders the birds anosmic for 4-6 hours.) Dashed radius, home direction solid dots, individual anosmic birds open circles, control birds arrows mean directions for anosmic and control birds. (From Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 1992.)... 

The existence of new periodicities setting up along directions different from [001] implies a change of the copper coordination in one row, parallel to b. Such a change can be ensured, if we except three-fold coordination, either by a copper vacancy which can be occasionally encountered, but not in a systematic and periodic way, or by the interconnection of the rows. This interconnection can be ensured by an octahedron, a pyramid or a tetrahedron, all in agreement with the usual coordination of Cu(n) (or Cu(HI)). A model is proposed for the supercell 2a x a%/To in Figure 21a CuOB pyramids are lined up along the a-axis, with alternated positions of the vertex... 

You take a deep breath before starting your lecture. The fourth dimension corresponds to a direction different from all the directions in our world. ... 

Time is one example of a fourth dimension, but there are others. Parallel universes may even exist besides our own in some ghostly manner, and these might be called other dimensions. But I m interested in a fourth spatial dimension—one that exists in a direction different from up and down, back and front, right and left. ... 

Spach MS, Dolber PC, Heidlage JF Influence of the passive anisotropic properties on directional differences in propagation following modification of the sodium conductance in human atrial muscle. A model of reentry based on anisotropic discontinuous propagation. Circ Res 1988 62 811-832. Spach MS, Heidlage JF The stochastic nature of cardiac propagation at a microscopic level. Electrical description of myocardial architecture and its application to conduction. Circ Res 1995 76 366-380. Spach MS, Josephson ME Initiating reentry The role of non-uniform anisotropy in small circuits. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1994 5 182-209. 

Consider, for example, our old friend, rotation by 7r/2 around the origin. See Figure 2.4. For every nonzero vector v, the vector T v points in a direction different from v. Hence it is impossible to have Tv = Au for any real A and nonzero real two-vector v. So this real linear operator has no real eigenvalues. 

Depending on the type of substituents, usually one of the forms is the most stable one. In the case of the HCH isomers, this is the chair form. If we have a closer look at the chair form, we see that six of the bonds linking substituents to the ring are directed differently from the other six ... 

Measurements also commonly involve random errors. These are errors whose size and direction differ from measurement to measurement that is, they are unpredictable and unreproducible. They are commonly associated with the limited sensitivity of instruments, the quality of the scales being read, the degree of control over the environment (temperature, vibration, humidity, and so on), or human frailties (limitations of eyesight, hearing, judgment, and so on). We shall say much more about random error later in this chapter. 

Consider first a Mossbauer isotope with a large associated resonant irradiation energy. The large recoil energy thus results in a small recoil-free fraction, and in the transmission mode the Mossbauer effect is only observed by measuring a small change in the primary beam intensity. The radiation reemitted as a result of these recoil-free events may, however, be superimposed on a weak background if observed for a direction different from the primary beam (SO). Thus, measurement of this radiation intensity versus... 

FIGURE 1. Correlation of selected AHf° differences (Aj, kJ mol-1) with covalent potential, VjfA-1) O, direct differences, Ai x, scaled differences, A j p (see text for definition of p). Primed substituents (H SiHj.CHj) indicate compounds with scaled differences... 

It should be noted that other points may be outliers in some direction not spanned by the first two PCs. It is therefore important to calculate the residuals for each individual subject in order to get a picture of which the outliers are. In the BHT 920 example, the object in the lower left quadrant pointed at by an arrow (Figure 6.12) is also an outlier, but in a direction different from the previous outlier. 

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