Reconstituted water

Dawson DA, Bande JA (1987) Development of a reconstituted water medium and preliminary validation of the frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus (EETAX). J Appl Toxicol 7(4) 237-244... 

McCrady, 3.K. and Chapman, G.A., 1979. Determination of copper complexing capacity of natural river water, well water and artificially reconstituted water. Water Res., 13 143-150. 

Some operators combine the above methods to produce a reconstituted water called the Archaeus of Water. It is an Evolved form of water with surprising medicinal effects. The water obtained by deliquescence of a salt is loaded with Fire and considered the male / Sulfur / Sun aspect, while the rain or snow waters are considered to represent the female / Mercury / Lunar aspect of the Celestial Waters. 

The reconstituted water was prepared by the addition of reagent-grade calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium salts to distilled, double-deionized water. Concentrations of cations and anions were within ranges published for freshwater resources in Arizona 73), Kentucky 187), and other areas of the United States 130, 142). Total chloride content, total dissolved solids, and the... 

To determine whether the use of reconstituted water could have altered test responses, we repeated the tests with trout eggs using carbon-filtered tap water and water from a second-order stream (Steele s Run) known to support a healthy and diverse aquatic fauna (22). General characteristics of the latter included a pH of 7.8, a hardness of 174 mg/liter as CaCOa, and a total alkalinity of 155 mg/liter as CaCOa. The pH, hardness, and alkalinity of the dechlorinated tap water were 7.6, 125 mg/liter as CaCOa, and 81 mg/liter as CaCOa, respectively. Mean values for total suspended solids (mg/liter) were 4.0, 5.2, and 5.5 for the original reconstituted water, stream water, and carbon-filtered tap water. Compared to an LC50 of 0.05 mg/liter obtained when nickel was administered in reconstituted water, median lethal concentrations rose to 0.06 and 0.09 mg/liter when tests were conducted in dechlorinated tap water and stream water. This slight decrease in toxicity to trout embryos and alevins was probably due to the moderate increases in hardness and alkalinity. However, the variations in water composition did not significantly alter test responses for concentrations of nickel, which approached the threshold for toxic effects. The LCi values were 11.1 and 14.8 /Ltg Ni/liter for tests conducted in dechlorinated tap water and stream water, and the LCj values were 3.0 and 3.5 fxg Ni/liter. 

After the extrinsic proteins have been removed from PSII preparations by a 1 M CaQ2 wash, the Mn of the OEC are stabilized by the addition of 50 mM Ca + (7). However, when CaCl2-washed PSII preparations are aged for several hours in the absence of Ca ", the ability to reconstitute water oxidation is completely lost even though only 2/4 of the Mn pool remains bound. This loss of activity has also been suggested to result from the selective dissociation of 2 Mn/OEC from all of the reaction centers. 

Wang, N., C.A. Mebane, J.L. Kunz, et al. 2009. Evaluation of acute copper toxicity to juvenile freshwater mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis Siliquoidea) in natural and reconstituted waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2 1. 

Water buoyant Brine buoyant Nonbuoyant [Reconstituted Water buoyant Brine buoyant Nonbuoyant [Reconstituted Water buoyant Brine buoyant Nonbuoyant [Reconstituted... 

A process has been developed (139) whereby up to 80% of the oil can be removed from whole, raw peanuts without the use of solvent. In this process, the blanched peanuts are brought to a proper moisture content, pressed mechanically, and then reshaped or reconstituted by dipping in hot water subsequently they can be roasted and salted, or used in confections or other formulations. Defatted peanuts may also be ground into meal and added to cookies, cakes, and many other products, where they impart a distinctly nutty flavor and cmnchy texture. On the other hand, the resulting high grade oil is refined and employed in cooking and industrial products. This process can also be used for pecans, walnuts, almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, and other nuts (140-142). 

Lyophilization. LyophiLization is essentially a drying technology. Some dmgs and biologicals are thermolabile and/or unstable in aqueous solution. Utilization of freeze drying permits the production of granules or powders that can be reconstituted by the addition of water, buffered solution, or mixed hydrophilic solvents just prior to use, eg, certain antibiotic suspensions. 

Clinical Use. Vancomycin and teicoplanin as fomiulated dmgs are lyophilized powders to be reconstituted with sterile water for injection. Vancomycin hydrochloride [1404-93-9] is presented in vials of 500 mg that give 100—200 mL solution of pH 2.5—4.2. It is administered by slow (60 min) infusion at a dose of 500 mg every 6 h or 1 g every 12 h/d. The teicoplanin contains the five factors (87%) plus 13% of the pseudoaglycone T-A3-1. It is presented in vials containing 200 mg of lyophili ed power that after dissolution with 3 mL of solvent gives a solution at pH 7.5. The dose regimen is 200—800 mg/d by iv bolus adrninistration. 

Water-borne adhesives are preferred because of restrictions on the use of solvents. Low viscosity prepolymers are emulsified in water, followed by chain extension with water-soluble glycols or diamines. As cross-linker PMDI can be used, which has a shelf life of 5 to 6 h in water. Water-borne polyurethane coatings are used for vacuum forming of PVC sheeting to ABS shells in automotive interior door panels, for the lamination of ABS/PVC film to treated polypropylene foam for use in automotive instmment panels, as metal primers for steering wheels, in flexible packaging lamination, as shoe sole adhesive, and as tie coats for polyurethane-coated fabrics. PMDI is also used as a binder for reconstituted wood products and as a foundry core binder. 

Composition and Methods of Manufacture. Vaccine is produced from the Oka attenuated strain. Vacciae is produced in human diploid cells such as MRC-5. After growth in the cell substrate, the cells themselves are harvested into the growth medium and sonicated to release the cell-associated vims. Sucrose and buffering salts are generally in the medium to help stabiLize the vims. The vacciae is presented in a free2e-dried vial to be reconstituted with sterile distilled water before injection (27). 

Poly(vinyl acetate) and its copolymers with ethylene are available as spray-dried emulsion soHds with average particle sizes of 2—20 p.m the product can be reconstituted to an emulsion by addition of water or it can be added directly to formulations, eg, concrete. The powders may be used to raise soHds of a lower soHds latex. Solutions of resin in methyl and ethyl alcohol at 2—50 wt % soHds are also available. 

Water splitting, a closely related process, is useful for reconstituting an acid and a base out of a salt. It is used to reclaim salts produced during neutralization. 

Product recoveiy from reversed micellar solutions can often be attained by simple back extrac tion, by contacting with an aqueous solution having salt concentration and pH that disfavors protein solu-bihzation, but this is not always a reliable method. Addition of cosolvents such as ethyl acetate or alcohols can lead to a disruption of the micelles and expulsion of the protein species, but this may also lead to protein denaturation. These additives must be removed by distillation, for example, to enable reconstitution of the micellar phase. Temperature increases can similarly lead to product release as a concentrated aqueous solution. Removal of the water from the reversed micelles by molecular sieves or sihca gel has also been found to cause a precipitation of the protein from the organic phase. 

Each interferon preparation was ultracentrifuged at 20,000 revolutions per minute for one hour to remove tissue debris and inactivated virus. The supernatant was dialyzed against distilled water (1 400) for 24 hours at4°C. The material was then freeze-dried. The dried product was reconstituted in one-tenth of the original volume in distilled water and dispensed into ampoules. Reconstituted solutions were assayed for interferon activity, examined for toxicity, and tested for sterility. 

Methicillin sodium To reconstitute 1 g vial add 1.5 mL of sterile water for injection or sodium chloride injection. Each reconstituted mL contains approximately 500 mg of methicillin. 

AM PHOTERICIN B The nurse administers tins drag daily or every otiier day over several months. The patient is often acutely ill witii a life-tiireatening deep fungal infection. The nurse should reconstitute the drag according to tiie manufacturer s instructions. Sterile water is used for reconstitution because any otiier diluent may cause precipitation. Immediately after the drag is reconstituted, die nurse administers the IV infusion over a period of 6 hours or more... 

Directions for reconstitution Tap bottle until all powder flows freely. Add approximately 2/3 of the 90 mL of water shake vigorously to wet powder. Add remaining water and shake vigorously again. 

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