Detergent concentration

These phenomena are most rapid and easiest to observe in fairly concentrated aqueous detergent solutions, that is, minimally 2—5% detergent solutions. In a practical quaHtative way, this is a familiar effect, and there are many examples of the extraordinary solvency and cleaning power of concentrated detergent solutions, for example, in the case of fabric pretreatment with neat heavy-duty Hquid detergents. Penetration can also be demonstrated at low detergent concentrations. As observed microscopically, the penetration occurs in a characteristic manner with the formation of a sheathlike stmcture, termed myelin they are filled with isotropic Hquid but have a Hquid crystalline birefringent skin. 

In the future, monitoring of surface tension could be an attractive option for measuring surfactant concentration. Automatic dosing systems could also be introduced for a controlled supply of concentrated detergents. 

Continuous Casting Flux Copper Smelter Dust Copper Sulphite Concentrate Detergent Dust Water Sodium Silicate Sodium Silicate Water TurbulatorVDisc TUrbularor Disc Pelletizer Disc Pelletizer... 

Structures formed by (a) detergents and (b) phospholipids in aqueous solution. Each molecule is depicted schematically as a polar head-group ( ) attached to one or two long, nonpolar chains. Most detergents have one nonpolar chain phospholipids have two. At very low concentrations, detergents or phospholipids form monolayers at the air-water interface. At higher concentrations, when this interface is saturated, further molecules form micelles or bilayer vesicles (liposomes). 

Various washing agents, such as high salt concentrations, detergent, buffer, and water, did not desorb more than trace amounts of the p-glucosidase activity from the culture solids (10). However, when the culture solids were sonicated for 10 min and then filtered, the / -glucosi-dase activity was released into the filtrate less than 5% of the activity was left with the solids after sonication (Table I). The / -glucosidase activity released by sonication was found to be almost doubled, to 0.25 /unol PNP mL"1 min"1, as compared with that of the intact cultures. 

Concentrated detergent lonic/Nonionic detergent emulsifier Effective wetting agent for all fibers Easily rinsed from goods Stable to wide ranges of pH... 

Accepta [Accepta], TM for a rig wash concentrated detergent miscible with fresh or sea waters. 

Mix the oleic acid, fatty acids, and isopropanol. Add the amines and Surfonic N-95 and stir until thoroughly mixed. Then add the water, which will produce a clear liquid. Dilute the concentrated detergent with an equal volume of hot water before use. 

Buffer Systems. Buffer systems should be preferentially volatile and of low concentration. Detergents are particularly detrimental to the ESI process. Volatile buffers should be prepared fresh every day to maintain a stable pH, EOF, and thus stable ion signal. Solvent evaporation, and/or buffer depletion in the reservoirs, will result in a change in pH, EOF, and ESI signal response. Thus, the buffers should be replenished on a regular basis. The EOF must be maintained in the direction of the ESI emitter, especially when nanospray sources are used (i.e., no liquid sheath or liquid junction fluids are delivered to the source). 

Another important method for the preparation of vesicles is the so-called detergent-aided method. This method was originally developed for the preparation of liposomes, with the specific advantage that also membrane proteins and other sensitive components can be included in the vesicles because of the extremely mild conditions of preparation. In short, the vesicle components are dissolved in a concentrated detergent solution. In this solution, all components are dissolved in micelles. This micellar solution is either diluted below its critical micelle concentration or dialyzed to remove the detergent, while the vesicle components assemble into vesicles. Typically, LUVs with a rather broad size distribution result. The detergent-aided method is also very well suited to the preparation of polymersomes. 

As we have seen, the available evidence suggests that incorporation of alkyl phosphoric acid esters alone into the concentrated detergent slurries prepared for spray drying deactivates whatever antifoam action they may possess. It seems likely therefore that a similar fate awaits direct incorporation of mixtures of hydrocarbons and such esters in detergent slurries. Experience is consistent with that view. Therefore, most of the relevant patents describe a preferred option of incorporation of such mixtures directly by spraying onto powders or carriers and subsequently adding the carrier to the powder [30, 31]. 

Topographs of the subsolubilizing concentration detergent-treated photosynthetic membranes in R sphaeroides derived from oscillatingmode AFM in aqueous condition revealed a relatively ordered network of both LH2 and dimeric RC-LHl core complexes (Fig. 17.6B). The dimeric RC-LHl core complexes formed linear arrays of up to six dimers. The specific core organization may allow the LHl excitation to migrate along a series of dimers until... 

Their high performance at low concentration favors the development of increasingly concentrated detergents. 

Keeping the water content low helps to keep the enzyme stable. The enzymatic activity increases with increasing water activity because the substrate diffuses more easily toward the active site. In addition, concentrating detergent products reduces the risk of bacterial contamination. The water level should, consequently, be kept under 55% [32]. 

From the presented results for concentrated detergents, zeolite surface area ought to be a new imporant parameter. However, high surface area means a tendency towards bridging and a reduction in free flowing (in the process more lumps can be expected). 

Critical micelle concentration of surfactants Yes (change of surface tension or other properties with concentration) Detergency... 

The current trend for household laundry is concentrated detergents, both liquids and powders, where packages are smaller, lighter, more convenient, and shipping is less costly. There is a strong need to identify new surfactants that could offer one or more of the following advantages ... 

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