Dosing regimens

Once the steady-state concentration is known, the rate of dmg clearance determines how frequendy the dmg must be adininistered. Because most dmg elimination systems do not achieve saturation under therapeutic dosing regimens, clearance is independent of plasma concentration of the dmg. This first-order elimination of many dmgs means that a constant fraction of dmg is eliminated per unit time. In the simplest case, clearance can be deterrnined by the dose and the area under the curve (AUC) describing dmg concentration as a function of total time ... 

Clinical Use. Vancomycin and teicoplanin as fomiulated dmgs are lyophilized powders to be reconstituted with sterile water for injection. Vancomycin hydrochloride [1404-93-9] is presented in vials of 500 mg that give 100—200 mL solution of pH 2.5—4.2. It is administered by slow (60 min) infusion at a dose of 500 mg every 6 h or 1 g every 12 h/d. The teicoplanin contains the five factors (87%) plus 13% of the pseudoaglycone T-A3-1. It is presented in vials containing 200 mg of lyophili ed power that after dissolution with 3 mL of solvent gives a solution at pH 7.5. The dose regimen is 200—800 mg/d by iv bolus adrninistration. 

Commercial PCBs Toxic and Biochemical Effects. PCBs and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons ehcit a diverse spectmm of toxic and biochemical responses in laboratory animals dependent on a number of factors including age, sex, species, and strain of the test animal and the dosing regimen (single or multiple) (27—32). In Bobwhite and Japanese quad, the LC q dose for several different commercial PCB preparations ranged from 600 to 30,000 ppm in the diet the LC q values for mink that were fed Aroclors 1242 and 1254 were 8.6 and 6.7 ppm in the diet, respectively (8,28,33). The... 

Initial daily doses of 10-40 and 100-600 mg are recommended in clinical practice for MMI and PTU, respectively [1, 2]. Several studies have shown that treatment of hyperthyroidism with single daily doses of 10-40 mg of MMI is effective in the induction of euthyroidism in 80-90% of patients within 6 weeks [2]. The aim of the further antithyroid therapy is to maintain euthyroidism with the lowest necessary diug dose. Intrathyroidal diug accumulation is one cause for the efficiency of a single daily dose regimen. Moreover, a once daily dose yields better patients compliance. Single daily doses of PTU have been shown to be less effective in achieving euthyroidism than administration of three divided doses a day. If a once daily... 

Anastrazole is a nonsteroidal, type H, aromatase inhibitor that is 200 times more potent than aminoglutethimide. It is eliminated primarily via hqDatic metabolism, has a terminal half life of 50 h with steady state concentrations achieved approximately 10 days with once daily dosing regimens. It is administered orally at a dose of 1 mg/day that achieves near maximal aromatase inhibition and hence estrogen suppression in breast cancer patients. No effect on adrenal steroidogenesis has been observed at up to ten times the daily recommended dose. When used in the metastatic setting, anastrozole has been shown... 

The nurse carefully reviews die dose regimen with the... 

If chest pain persists, changes character, increases in severity, or is not relieved by following the recommended dosing regimen, seek prompt medical attention. 

Ator NA, Weerts EM, Kaminski BJ, et al Zaleplon and triazolam physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons. Drug Alcohol Depend 61 69-84, 2000... 

Exposure Freauencv/Duration The duration of the study and the weekly and daily exposure regimen are provided in this column. This permits comparison of NOAELs and LOAELs from different studies. In this case (key number 18), rats were exposed to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane via inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 3 weeks. For a more complete review of the dosing regimen refer to the appropriate sections of the text or the original reference paper, i.e., Nitschke et al. 1981. 

Two small stndies of repeat therapy with standard IFN-a involved both HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients (Carreno et al. 1999 Manesis and Hadziyannis 2001). Retreatment of nonresponders and responder-relapsers resulted in snstained virological responses in 33% and 35% of cases, respectively. However, the results were difficult to interpret, as the first IFN-a dose regimen and the interval before retreatment were both variable. 

Usually, one has obtained an estimate for the elimination constant and the distribution volume Vp from a single intravenous injection. These pharmacokinetic parameters, together with the interval between administrations 0 and the single-dose D, then allow us to compute the steady-state peak and trough values. The criterion for an optimal dose regimen depends on the minimum therapeutic concentration (which must be exceeded by and on the maximum safe... 

A second study compared the effeets of single versus multiple doses. One group of monkeys reeeived a single 5 mg/kg dose of MDMA orally another group reeeived the same dose by the same route, but on a twine daily basis for 4 days. As before, the multiple dose regimen produeed a... 

Animal studies have shown that the periodic dosing regimen often leads to behavioral augmentation or sensitization in animals (Post 1981). 

D 1 mg slow intravenous push (IVP), repeated every 5 min. Not to exceed a total of 5 mg D An alternative dosing regimen may be 0.1 mg/kg in three divided doses every 2-3 min. Do not exceed a rate of 1 mg/min o Contraindications... 

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