Hypodermic needles

A wide apphcation of electrochemical grinding is the production of tungsten carbide [12070-12-1] cutting tools (see Carbides Tool materials). ECG is also useful in the grinding of fragile parts such as hypodermic needles and thinwaH tubes. 

Strong acids and strong alkaUes can severely bum the skin, chromium compounds can produce skin rashes, and repeated exposure to solvents causes removal of natural oils from the skin. Infection is always a concern for damaged skin. Absorption through the skin is possible for materials that are appreciably soluble iu both water and oil, eg, nitrobenzene, aniline, and tetraethyllead. Other materials can be absorbed if first dissolved iu extremely good solvents, eg, dimethyl sulfoxide. Subcutaneous iujection can occur accidentally by direct exposure of the circulatory system to a chemical by means of a cut or scratch or iuadvertent penetration of the skin with a hypodermic needle. 

Vibration or twanging of hypodermic needles or platinum loops... 

A high proportion of pork is pickled in brine and smoked, to make ham or bacon. The original process was to immerse the meat in a tank of cold brine for a period. A quicker method is to inject the cold pickle with hypodermic needles into the cuts. Smoking is carried out at around 52°C, so the cured bacon must be cooled again for slicing, packing and storage. 

Cannulae are fabricated on special order from stainless steel hypodermic needle stock by Popper and Sons Company, 290 Park Avenue, South, New York, N.Y., 10010. Approximately 30-cm. long cannulae made from 15 and 20 gauge stock were used in this preparation. 

A dry, 250-ml., three-necked, round-bottomed flask is equipped with a sealed mechanical stirrer (Note 5), a glass stopper, and a rubber septum through which are inserted hypodermic needles with which to evacuate the flask and to admit nitrogen. After the apparatus has been... 

In the mid-nineteenth century, it was the custom for doctors to frequently prescribe morphine (first isolated from opium by Friedrich Serturner in 1806) and other opium preparations. Morphine did not have a major impact on medical practice until the invention of the hypodermic needle in 1840. Soldiers illness was recognized after the Civil War when more than 50,000 veterans became dependent on morphine as a result of treatment for combat injuries (Musto 1987). The public also had ready access to opium and purified drugs in grocery stores and pharmacies. Medicinal mixtures and nostrums, usually unlabelled as to contents, often contained opium or morphine. By the end of the century, many physicians had come to recognize that chronic use of morphine was a disorder (morphinism), although others in society... 

Of all the forms of induced instability, temperature fluctuations are most widely experienced by an unattended dispersion once it has been stored or applied. The caking of pharmaceuticals so that they will not pass through a hypodermic needle has been mentioned (7) another example is the failure of... 

Needle penetration and resealability measures the force required to penetrate the target area of an elastomeric closure with a hypodermic needle and the ability of the closure to reseal when the needle is withdrawn. 

The Needle Flame Test is designed to simulate a small flame as might be encountered from a small electrical malfunction in an appliance or a piece of office equipment. The test apparatus consists of a hypodermic needle 35 mm in length with a bore of 0.5 mm and an outer diameter not exceeding 0.9 mm. The hypodermic needle has the tapered end cut off to avoid any interference with the flame. The gas used is butane. With the axis of the burner vertical,... 

The skin plays important roles in both the dermal absorption and injection routes of entry. Injection includes both entry by absorption through cuts and mechanical injection with hypodermic needles. Mechanical injection can occur as a result of improper hypodermic needle storage in a laboratory drawer. 

In electrostatic atomization, an electrical potential is applied between a liquid to be atomized and an electrode placed in the spray at a certain distance from liquid discharge nozzle. As a result of the mutual repulsion of like charges accumulated on the liquid surface, the surface becomes unstable and disrupts when the pressure due to the electrostatic forces exceeds the surface tension forces of the liquid. Droplets will be generated continuously if the electrical potential is maintained above a critical value consistent with liquid flow rate. Both DC and AC systems have been employed to provide high electrical potentials for generating fine droplets. Many configurations of electrode have been developed, such as hypodermic needles, sintered bronze filters, and cones. 

Unlike other microbial scourges such as malaria and tuberculosis, for which fhere is little that people can do to prevent infection, HIV infection in adults is almost entirely preventable by behavior modification. Extremely rare cases of contaminated blood transfusion products or contaminated hospital hypodermic needles are the exceptions. Several approaches to prevention if properly executed can be effective. As wifh antirefroviral fherapy, combinations of approaches are needed to achieve effective prevention resulfs. 

Opioids are administered in several ways. Opium was most commonly taken recreationally by smoking, but intravenous administration has become most common since the isolation of opium alkaloids and invention of the hypodermic needle. The development of heroin from morphine at the turn of the twentieth century led to more intense euphoric effects and greater risk for addiction. Heroin may also be snorted, or it can be smoked when added to a medium such as tobacco. Medically, opioids are commonly given through oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, transdermal, or rectal routes. 

Most of the studies of levitated droplets have involved low-vapor-pressure materials, but Tallin and his coworkers reported data for water droplets evaporating in dry nitrogen. The rapid evaporation of a water droplet requires that the experiment be automated, and this was accomplished by injecting the droplet by means of a 3,000 V dc electrical pulse applied to a flat-tipped hypodermic needle. The pulse triggered the data collection system so that phase functions and the resonance spectrum were obtained during the less than three-second duration of an experiment. From the phase function... 

The major brands are marketed by Hewlett Packard, Cannon, Epson, and others. There are also house brands that sell for less. The spent ink cartridges are removed from the printers and discarded, and new ones inserted into the printers. The spent cartridges contain much valuable plastics and metals, but are too small in quantity to warrant a recycle effort. There are also manufacturers who sell the ink separately, to be injected by hypodermic needles into the spent cartridges. The major manufacturers always warn the consumers not to use these low cost alternatives, as they may be inferior in quality and give poor performance due to lack of compatibility. 

The most important use of iridium is as an alloying metal for platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for jewelry, decorative purposes, electrical contacts, thermocouples, crucibles, electrodes, hypodermic needles, and medical accessories. Iridium enhances resistance of platinum to chemical attack and corrosion. It also enhances hardness and tensile strength. The radioisotope Ir-192 is used in examination of ferrous welds and in other radiographic applications. 

In general, transfers of dry solvent or of solutions are made by 2-mm cannulae inserted through rubber septa capping delivery and receiver vessels. Transfer is made by positive nitrogen pressure applied through a hypodermic needle, while a second needle in the receiver vessel is employed as a vent. Cannulae are available from Hamilton Company, P. 0. Box 10030, Reno, NV 89510. 

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