Processing oil

In this section we describe hydrocarbon processing in preparation for evacuation, either from a production platform or land based facilities. In simple terms this means splitting the hydrocarbon well stream into liquid and vapour phases and treating each phase so 

When oil and gas are produced simultaneously into a separator a certain amount (mass fraction) of each component (e.g. butane) will be in the vapour phase and the rest in the liquid phase. This can be described using phase diagrams (such as those described in section 4.2) which describe the behaviour of multi-component mixtures at various temperatures and pressures. However to determine how much of each component goes into the gas or liquid phase the equilibrium constants (or equilibrium vapour liquid ratios) K must be known. 

Y - Mol fraction of each component in the vapour phase X - Mol fraction of each component in the liquid phase 

These constants are dependent upon pressure, temperature and also the composition of the hydrocarbon fluid, as the various components within the system will interact with each other. K values can be found in gas engineering data books. The basic separation process is similar for oil and gas production, though the relative amounts of each phase differ. 

For a single stage separator i.e. only one separator vessel, there is an optimum pressure which yields the maximum amount of oil and minimises the carry over of heavy components into the gas phase (a phenomenon called stripping). By adding additional separators to the process line the yield of oil can be increased, but with each additional separator the incremental oil yield will decrease. 

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Note that primary separation has already been described in Section 10.1.2 Oil Processing . 

Fatty acid nitriles Fatty acid-oil process Fatty acid process... 

Hog fat Hohlraum H-Oil process Holding furnaces Hole mobilities Hollander beater Hollandite [12008-99-0]... 

D. R. Erickson, Handbook ofSoj Oil Processing and JJtili tion, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, fll., 1980, 598 pp. 

There is an inherent economic penalty associated with producing Hquids from either natural gas or soHd coal feedstock. Synthetic Hquid fuels technologies are generally not economically competitive with cmde oil processing in the absence of extraneous influences such as price supports or regulations. 

Shale Oil. In the United States, shale oil, or oil derivable from oil shale, represents the largest potential source of Hquid hydrocarbons that can be readily processed to fuel Hquids similar to those derived from natural petroleum. Some countries produce Hquid fuels from oil shale. There is no such industry in the United States although more than 50 companies were producing oil from coal and shale in the United States in 1860 (152,153), and after the oil embargo of 1973 several companies reactivated shale-oil process development programs (154,155). Petroleum supply and price stabiHty has since severely curtailed shale oil development. In addition, complex environmental issues (156) further prohibit demonstration of commercial designs. 

Lubricating oils are also used in industrial and process appHcations such as hydrauhc and turbine oils, machine oil and grease, marine and railroad diesel, and metalworking oils. Process oils are used in the manufacture of mbber, textiles, leather, and electrical goods. The distribution of lube oils used in these apphcations in 1992 is as follows automotive, 45711 industrial, 2229 t and process, 1070 t (- SIS, 000 gal) (11). 

As of 1995, there were only a few commercial oil shale faciUties operating in the world. These faciUties are located in countries where the economic, pohtical, and environmental requirements for commercial oil shale development are met. There are commercial oil shale faciUties in Bra2il, China, Estonia, and Israel. No commercial oil shale faciUties have existed in the United States because the costs of shale oil processing exceed those associated with conventional petroleum cmde processing. 

Mineral acids are used as catalysts, usually in a concentration of 20— 40 wt % and temperatures of 30—60°C. An efficient surfactant, preferably one that is soluble in the acid-phase upon completion of the reaction, is needed to emulsify the a-pinene and acid. The surfactant can then be recycled with the acid. Phosphoric acid is the acid commonly used in the pine oil process. Its mild corrosion characteristics and its moderate strength make it more manageable, especially because the acid concentration is constandy changing in the process by the consumption of water. Phosphoric acid is also mild enough to prevent any significant dehydration of the alcohols formed in the process. Optimization of a process usually involves considerations of acid type and concentration, temperature, surfactant type and amount, and reaction time. The optimum process usually gives a maximum of alcohols with the minimum amount of hydrocarbons and cineoles. 

The process of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the central process in a modem, gasoline-oriented refinery. In U.S. refineries, the amount of feed processed by fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCU) is equivalent to 35% of the total cmde oil processed in the United States (1). As of January 1991, installed FCCU capacity in the United States was 8.6 x ICf m /d (5.4 x 10 barrels/d). 

Leather and leather products Leather tanning and finishing, manufacture of leather belting and packing Scrap leather, thread, dyes, oils, processing and curing compounds... 

Almost all cooling water system deposits are waterborne. It would be impossible to list each deposit specifically, but general categorization is possible. Deposits are precipitates, transported particulate, biological materials, and a variety of contaminants such as grease, oil, process chemicals, and silt. Associated corrosion is fundamentally related to whether deposits are innately aggressive or simply serve as an occluding medium beneath which concentration cells develop. An American... 

Use vapor recovery systems to prevent air emissions from light oil processing, tar processing, naphthalene processing, and phenol and ammonia recovery processes. 

Puranik, S. A., K. K. Hathi, and R. Sengupta (1990). Prevention of Hazards Through Technological Alternatives. Safety and Loss Prevention in the Chemical and Oil Processing Industries, Qctober 23-27,1989, Singapore, 581-587. IChemE Symposium Series, No. 120. Rugby, Warwickshire, U. K. The Institution of Chemical Engineers. 

Several techniques can be used to separate phenol. Solvent extraction using gas oil or lube oil (process MSAs Sj and S2, respectively) is a potential option. Besides the purification of wastewater, the transfer of phenol to gas oil and lube oil is a useful process for the oils. Phenol tends to act as an oxidation inhibitor and serves to improve color stability and reduce sediment formation. The data for the waste streams and the process MSAs are given in Tables 3.4 and 3.5, respectively. 

Refinery gas is the collective noun used for a range of off-gases originating from the various oil processes. A detailed knowledge of the composition of these gases is needed for three reasons, as follows ... 

SchmalzGl, n. lard oil oleo oil wool oil. Schmdlzvorgang, tn. (Textiles) oiling process. Schmand, Schmant, tn. shme, sludge, mud, ooze cream. 

In the United States, all gasoline is produced by private commercial companies. In many cases, they are vertically integi ated so that they drill for, find, and transport oil, process the oil into gasoline and other... 

Natural gas and crude oils are the main sources for hydrocarbon intermediates or secondary raw materials for the production of petrochemicals. From natural gas, ethane and LPG are recovered for use as intermediates in the production of olefins and diolefms. Important chemicals such as methanol and ammonia are also based on methane via synthesis gas. On the other hand, refinery gases from different crude oil processing schemes are important sources for olefins and LPG. Crude oil distillates and residues are precursors for olefins and aromatics via cracking and reforming processes. This chapter reviews the properties of the different hydrocarbon intermediates—paraffins, olefins, diolefms, and aromatics. Petroleum fractions and residues as mixtures of different hydrocarbon classes and hydrocarbon derivatives are discussed separately at the end of the chapter. 

Crude Oil Processing and Production of Hydrocarbon Intermediates 57 Delayed Coking... 

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