Hydrocarbon process oils

Several types of plasticizers are used in ABS. These include hydrocarbon processing oil, phosphate esters (e.g., triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate), or oligomeric phosphate), long chain fatly acid esters, " and aromatic sttlforramide. ... 

Refractories for cement and lime kilns Glassmaking processes and ceramic firing kilns Petrochemical and hydrocarbon processes Oil refineries Waste incinerators... 

This group of high volume nonpolar elastomers is typically plasticized with soybean and rapeseed oil factices and the full range of hydrocarbon process oils. Only when a special lubricating effect is wanted is a synthetic plasticizer used. To illustrate, the following two examples (a) 10 phr DOA added to an EPDM Arctic CB radio coil cord where it acted as an extreme low temp (LT) flexibilizer (b) a typical LT glycol ester (TEG-2EH) used at 8 phr in BR to achieve both processing and LT enhancements. In both examples, the incompatible plasticizer acted as a lubricant. 

Use hydrocarbon process oils sparingly in specialty elastomers. 

Fluidized-bed catalytic cracking units (FCCUs) are the most common catalytic cracking units. In the fluidized-bed process, oil and oil vapor preheated to 500 to SOOT is contacted with hot catalyst at about 1,300°F either in the reactor itself or in the feed line (called the riser) to the reactor. The catalyst is in a fine, granular form which, when mixed with the vapor, has many of the properties of a fluid. The fluidized catalyst and the reacted hydrocarbon vapor separate mechanically in the reactor and any oil remaining on the catalyst is removed by steam stripping. 

MhytsaR, Hydrocarbon Process., 57(11) (1978) 238. Estimate cooling tower requirements easily Nelson, W. L. Oil [Pg.786]

Solvent wiping. Rubbers tend to swell by application of solvents and the mechanical interlocking of the adhesive is favored. Although chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents are the most effective, they are toxic and cannot be used toluene and ketones are currently the most common solvents. The treatment with solvents is effective in the removal of processing oils and plasticizers in vulcanized mbbers, but zinc stearate is not completely removed and antiozonant wax gradually migrates to the mbber/polyurethane adhesive interface. Table 27.1 shows the moderate increase in adhesion produced in SBR by MEK wiping. 

Facilitate pre-vulcanisation processing, increase softness, extensibility and flexibility of the vulcanised end-product. The rubber processing industry consumes large quantities of materials which have a plasticising function complex mixtures (paraffinic, naphthenic, aromatic) of mineral hydrocarbon additives, used with the large tonnage natural and synthetic hydrocarbon rubbers, are termed process oils. Because of the complexity of these products, precise chemical definition is usually not attempted. If the inclusion of an oil results in cost reduction it is functioning as an extender. The term plasticiser is commonly reserved for synthetic liquids used with the polar synthetic rubber. 

Braun, S.S. Power Recovery Pays off at Shell Oil, Oil and Gas Journal, May 21, 1973, p. 129. Abadie, V.H. Turboexpanders Recover Energy, Hydrocarbon Processing, July 1973, p. 93. Casto, L.V. Practical Tips on Designing Turbine-Mixer Systems, Chemical Engineering, Jan. 10,... 

The majority of plasticiser consumption is in CR and NBR. Plasticisers are also technically important in chlorosulphonated polyethylene, hydrogenated nitrile, ethyl acrylate copolymer, epichlorohydrin copolymer and ethylene-acrylic terpolymer. At around 10 kt/annum (Europe), total consumption of plasticisers is on a much smaller scale than the process oils used in hydrocarbon rubbers. Typical addition levels are below 20 phr. 

Speight, J. G., The Desulfurization of Heavy Oils and Residua, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1981,190. Hydrocarbon Process., 1988, 67(9), 70. 

UGI [United Gas Improvement Company Also called Ugite. A regenerative catalytic reforming process for making town gas and liquid hydrocarbons from oil. The catalyst was a fixed bed of hot, refractory pebbles. Developed by UGI Company, Philadelphia, PA, in the early 1940s. 

Dickenson, R. L., Biasen, F. E., Schulman, B. L., and Johnson, H. E., Refinery Options for Converting and Utilizing Heavy Fuel Oil. Hydrocarbon Processing, February 1997. 

The Hydrocarbon Processing Industry (HPI), has traditionally been reluctant to invest capital where an immediate direct return on the investment to the company is not obvious, as would any business enterprise. Additionally financial fire losses in the petroleum and related industries were relatively small up to about the 1950 s. This was due to the small size of facilities and the relatively low value of oil and gas to the volume of production. Until 1950, a fire or explosion loss of more than 5 million U. S. Dollars had not occurred in the refining industry in the USA. Also in this period, the capital intensive offshore oil exploration and production industry were only just beginning. The use of gas was also limited early in the century. Consequentially its value was also very low. Typically production gas was immediately flared or the well was capped and considered as an uneconomical reservoir. Since gas development was limited, large vapor explosions were relatively rare and catastrophic destruction from petroleum incidents was essentially unheard of. The outlays for petroleum industry safety features were traditionally the absolute minimum required by governmental regulations. The development of loss prevention philosophies and practices were therefore not effectively developed within the industry. 

Ideally most oil or gas incidents will be controlled by the process shut down systems (ESD, depressurization, drainage, etc.) and hopeful the fire protection systems (fireproofing, water deluge, etc ), will not be required. However these primary fire defense systems may not be able to control fire incidents if previous explosions have previously occurred. Before any consideration of fire suppression efforts, explosion effects must first be analyzed to determine the extent of protection necessary. Most major fire incidents associated with hydrocarbon process incidents are preceded by explosion incident. 

Pollution associated with petroleum refining typically includes volatile organic compounds (volatile organic compounds), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SO c), nitrogen oxides (NO ), particulates, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), metals, spent acids, and numerous toxic organic compounds (Hydrocarbon Processing, 2003). Sulfur and metals result from the impurities in crude oil. The other wastes represent losses of feedstock and petroleum products. 

XIANGLIN, H. Qian, J. (eds) 1986. Shale Oil Industry in China. The Hydrocarbon Processing Press, Beijing, China. 

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