Classifies petroleum process oils

ASTM D2226 classifies petroleum process oils used in rubber compounding. This system of classification is based on the test results from ASTM D2007, a column chromatographic method called "clay-gel analysis." This procedure classifies an oil on its content of saturates, aromatics, and polar compounds, as well as asphaltene content. Under this classification system, very aromatic oil is designated Type 101 while aromatic oil is designated Type 102. 

Plasticizers. These materials are added to reduce the hardness of the compound and can reduce the viscosity of the uncured compound to facilitate processes such as mixing and extruding. The most common materials are petroleum-based oils, esters, and fatty acids. Critical properties of these materials are their compatibility with the rubber and their viscosity. Failure to obtain sufficient compatibility will cause the plasticizer to diffuse out of the compound. The oils are classified as aromatic, naphthenic, or paraffinic according to their components. Aromatic oils will be more compatible with styrene-butadiene rubber than paraffinic oils, whereas the inverse will be true for butyl rubber. The aromatic oils are dark colored and thus cannot be used where color is critical, as in the white sidewall of a tire. The naphthenic and paraffinic oils can be colorless and are referred to as nonstaining. 

Oils are derived from petroleum (mineral oils) or fi-om plants or animals (fixed oils). Mineral oils are classified according to soince (type of crude), refining process (distillate or residual), and commercial use. The commercial mineral oil base products consist mainly of saturated hydrocarbons (even though naphthene-base crudes are predominantly unsaturated) in the form of chain or ring molecules that are chemically inactive and do not have polar heads. These commercial products may or may not contain waxes, volatile compounds, fixed oils, and special-purpose additives. Fixed oils and fats differ from mineral oils in that they consist of an alcohol radical and a fatty-acid radical, can be reacted with an alkali (sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, for example) to form glycerin or soap, cannot be distilled without decomposing, and contain 9 to 12.5% oxygen. All fixed oils are insoluble in water and, except for castor oil, are insoluble in alcohol at room temperature. 

Carboxylic acids having 6—24 carbon atoms are commonly known as fatty acids. Shorter-chain acids, such as formic, acetic, and propionic acid, are not classified as fatty acids and are produced synthetically from petroleum sources (see Acetic acid Formic acid and derivatives Oxo process). Fatty acids are produced primarily from natural fats and oils through a series of unit operations. Clay bleaching and acid washing are sometimes also included with the above operations in the manufacture of fatty acids for the removal of impurities prior to subsequent processing. 

Cold-Water Process. The cold-water bitumen separation process has been developed to the point of small-scale continuous pilot plants. The process uses a combination of cold water and solvent. The first step usually involves disintegration of the tar sand charge, which is mixed with water, diluent, and reagents. The diluent may be a petroleum distillate fraction such as kerosene and is added in a ca 1 1 weight ratio to the bitumen in the feed. The pH is maintained at 9-9.5 by addition of wetting agents and ca 0.77 kg of soda ash per ton of tar sand. The effluent is mixed with more water, and in a raked classifier the sand is settled from the bulk of the remaining mixture. The water and oil overflow the classifier and are passed to thickeners, where the oil is concentrated. Clay in the tar sand feed forms emulsions that are hard to break and are wasted with the underflow from the thickeners. 

As already noted, undried paper contains enough adsorbed water to be classified as an absorption process. Other liquids can be applied to change its characteristics. For example, silicone oils, petroleum jelly,... 

Petroleum hydrocarbons are commonly found environmental contaminants, though they are not usually classified as hazardous wastes. Many petroleum products are used in modern society, including those that are fundamental to our lives (i.e., transportation fuels, heating and power-generating fuels). The volume of crude oil or petroleum products that is used today dwarfs all other chemicals of environmental and health concern. Due to the numbers of facilities, individuals, and processes and the various ways the products are stored and handled, environmental contamination is potentially widespread. 

Very often the long experience with chemicals operating as corrosion inhibitors, e. g. in the oil field, gas or petroleum industry, is taken as an example for the successful use of corrosion inhibitors for many decades. This undoubtedly is true and the overwhelming majority of literature on corrosion inhibitors deals with the effects of inhibitors on uniform corrosion, e. g. of steel in acidic or neutral solutions, where they can be classified into [2] a) adsorption inhibitors, acting specifically on the anodic or on the cathodic partial reaction of the corrosion process or on both reactions (mixed inhibitor), b) JUm-forming inhibitors, blocking the surface more or less completely, and c) passivators, favouring the passivation reaction of the steel (e. g. hydroxyl ions). 

Anionic Polymerization. The oldest process, no longer carried out commercially, uses sodium as initiator. It was described as early as 1910 in an English patent, and was also published shortly afterward by Harries. For better distribution, the sodium is added as a suspension in paraffin oil or hexane and the polymerization is carried out in bulk in a kneader or screw extruder. During the process, about 70% of 1,2 structures are formed in the polymer. The products found application in Germany as buna rubbers [butadiene-natrium (sodium) polymerizate], classified by numbers, and in the USSR as SK sowjetischer kautschuk (soviet rubber)] grades. The Russian products carry the letters SKA when the butadiene is derived from petroleum and SKB when it is produced from alcohol. Numbered buna production ended as early as 1939 in Germany, with the exception of buna 85, which was used in the production of hard rubber. 

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