Lubricating oil

Microencapsulation is also useful in enhancing the performance of lubricating oils when used at the application site. Pressure-ruptured microcapsules containing lubricating oil are used in powder metallurgy. The requirements for the microcapsule shell wall is that it should have a high abrasion resistance, be able to withstand 

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C4H8O, CH3COCH2CH3. Colourless liquid with a pleasant odour, b.p. 80°C. It occurs with propanone in the products of the destructive distillation of wood. Manufactured by the liquid or vapour phase dehydrogenation of 2-butanol over a catalyst. Used as a solvent, particularly for vinyl and acrylic resins, and for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, also for the dewaxing of lubricating oils. U.S. production 1978 300 000 tonnes. 

White crystals m.p. 162-164 C. ll can be prepared by the fermentation of sugar with the mould Aspergillus lerreus or by healing citra-conic anhydride with water at ISO C. Electrolysis of the potassium salt in solution gives allene. Itaconic acid is used as a comonomer in plastics its esters are polymerized to lubricating oils and plasticizers. 

Microcrystalline waxes, produced from heavy lubricating oil residues, have a micro-crystalline structure and consist largely of iso-and cycloalkanes with some aromatics. 

This method has a very general application range analysis for metals in crude oils, in their various distillation cuts, and in their residues as well as for metals contained in spent lubricating oils, water, lubricants, etc. 

Although distillation and elemental analysis of the fractions provide a good evaluation of the qualities of a crude oil, they are nevertheless insufficient. Indeed, the numerous uses of petroleum demand a detailed molecular analysis. This is true for all distillation fractions, certain crude oils being valued essentially for their light fractions used in motor fuels, others because they make quality lubricating oils and still others because they make excellent base stocks for paving asphalt. 

Details are given in Table 3.3. As with all correlations, one should beware of using them if thp mea su ments taken are outside the region of the correlation that estabTishedthem. This method is commonly called ndM and is used mainly with vacuum distillates and lubricating oils. 

Each lubricating oil is composed from a main base stock, into which additives are mixed to give the lubricant the properties required for a given application. 

This term refers to highly refined lubricating oils for which dearomatization, in particular, has been pushed to the extreme. These products are sometimes designated by the expression liquid petrolatum . 

The presence of these acids in crude oils and petroleum cuts causes problems for the refiner because they form stable emulsions with caustic solutions during desalting or in lubricating oil production very corrosive at high temperatures (350-400°C), they attack ordinary carbon steel, which necessitates the use of alloy piping materials. 

The third family (c. in Figure 9.1) less widespread, derived from the alkylphenols, offers as with the succinimides several possibilities of modification to the ratio of hydrophilic and lipophilic groups. Mannich s reaction of the alkyl-phenols also provides additives for lubricating oils. 

Additives Modifying the Rheological Properties of Lubricating Oils... 

Nevertheless, a great majority of lubricating oils is obtained having bases whose VI is around 100. 

The problem is similar to the case of lubricating oils polyalkylnaphthalenes or alkyl polymethacrylates called pour point depressants have been commercialized to lower the pour point. 

Examples of pour point depressants for lubricating oils. 

In a single stage, without liquid recycle, the conversion can be optimized between 60 and 90%. The very paraffinic residue is used to make lubricant oil bases of high viscosity index in the range of 150 N to 350 N the residue can also be used as feedstock to steam cracking plants providing ethylene and propylene yields equal to those from paraffinic naphthas, or as additional feedstock to catalytic cracking units. 

In the particular framework for lubricating oil bases, the operation takes place batchwise, generally using distillates selected according to the desired base, so as to minimize by-products and to maximize lubricating oils and their qualities. 

Figures 10.12 and 10.13 show, respectively, a flow diagram for lubricant oil production by hydrorefining and an integrated lubricating oil production unit using both extraction and hydrorefining.

Foaming characteristics of lubricating oils NFT 60-129 ISO/DIS 6247 ASTM D 892 Air sparging and measurement of foam after standing... 

Sulfated ash in lubricating oils in greases NF T 60-143 ISO 3987 ASTM D 874 NF T 60-144 ASTM D 128 Weight of residue after treatment of the ash by sulfuric acid and calcination As above... 

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