Separator vessel

For a single stage separator i.e. only one separator vessel, there is an optimum pressure which yields the maximum amount of oil and minimises the carry over of heavy components into the gas phase (a phenomenon called stripping). By adding additional separators to the process line the yield of oil can be increased, but with each additional separator the incremental oil yield will decrease. 

Tipping Pan Filter. This is a nutsche filter with a small filtrate chamber, in the form of a pan built so that it can be tipped upside down to discharge the cake. A separate vessel is used to receive the filtrate this allows, segregation of the mother and wash Hquor if necessary. 

First Carbonation. The process stream OH is raised to 3.0 with carbon dioxide. Juice is recycled either internally or in a separate vessel to provide seed for calcium carbonate growth. Retention time is 15—20 min at 80—85°C. OH of the juice purification process streams is more descriptive than pH for two reasons first, all of the important solution chemistry depends on reactions of the hydroxyl ion rather than of the hydrogen ion and second, the nature of the C0 2 U20-Ca " equiUbria results in a OH which is independent of the temperature of the solution. AH of the temperature effects on the dissociation constant of water are reflected by the pH. 

Crude Tar and Tar Products. Where the tar distillery is sited close to the carboni2ing plant, the cmde tar is transferred directly from the tar—liquor separating vessels on the by-product recovery unit to the storage tanks. Otherwise, it is shipped in rail or road tankers or by barge. Cmde tar is stored in mild-steel tanks maintained at 40—50°C by steam coils. 

The success of preheater kiln systems led to precalciaer kiln systems. These units utilize a second burner to carry out calciaation ia a separate vessel attached to the preheater. The flash furnace (57), eg, utilizes preheated combustion air drawn from the clinker cooler and kiln exit gases and is equipped with an oil burner that bums about 60% of the total kiln fuel. The raw material is calciaed almost 95%, and the gases continue their upward movement through successive preheater stages ia the same manner as ia an ordinary preheater. 

Flow reactors are used for greater production rates when the reaction time is comparatively short, when uniform temperature is desired, when labor costs are high. CSTRs are used singly or in multiple units in series, in either separate vessels or single, compartmented shells. 

In principle, at least, any mixer may be coupled with any settler to provide the complete stage. There are several combinations which are especially popufar. Continuously operated devices usually, but not always, place the mixing and settling functions in separate vessels. Batch-operated devices may use the same vessel alternately for the separate functions. 

The largest size that can be treated depends mostly on the dimensions of the separating vessel coal up to 0.3 m (12 in) has been successfully processed in a drum separator of the type illustrated in Fig. 19-32. Complete removal of fines is usually necessary to ensure proper viscosity of the media. Fines increase viscosity and slow the... 

The feed-preparation screen between crusher and separately vessel may be of either the revolving or the vibrating type. Wash water is apphed only to the feed end ofthe screen so that the process feed will enter the separator moist but without any free water, which would lower pulp density. In a few instances it has been found advantageous to provide for surge storage between screen and separator to drain off further excess water. 

These are less expensive and less troublesome than tubular reactors. All the catalyst volume needed for a given conversion is usually divided in several beds or stages. In large catalyst volumes, the stages may be in separate vessels, or in small volumes in the same vessel but divided into several trays. 

The Socony Vacuum design consisted of separate vessels for reaction and regeneration. Units constructed in the late 1940s employed a pneumatic lift design which allowed for high catalyst circulation rates. A typical design is shown in Figure 20, which allowed for a primary air stream to convey the catalyst. A... 

Figure 16.3.2. Possible failure mode for a phase separation vessel.

Abscheide-gefdss, n. separating vessel, -kam-mer, /. separating chamber condensation chamber,... 

The Houdry fixed-bed cyclic units were soon displaced in the 1940s by the superior Fluid Catalytic Cracking process pioneered by Warren K. Lewis of MIT and Eger Murphree and his team of engineers at Standard Oil of Newjersey (now Exxon). Murphree and his team demonstrated that hundreds of tons of fine catalyst could be continuously moved like a fluid between the cracking reactor and a separate vessel for... 

Figure 13-17. Series type acoustical filter system (volumes V, and Vj may be separate vessels or one drum).

Separation vessels can be inserted in a liquid line. Liquid will fall to the bottom and pass through an expansion device to an evaporator. High pressure gas will rise to the top of the vessel and can then be used for heating or for hot gas defrost of another heat exchanger. 

The contents of the separator are collected in a special small separation vessel. The emulsified explosive oil is separated and delivered... 

Flammable or toxic vapors can be piped to a flare after separation of liquid is obtained. An important design problem in flare use is the very high vent rate experienced for a relatively short time, if an existing flare is used. Also back-pressure effects on the liquid separator vessel must be considered, especially if choked flow of vapor occurs downstream of the separator. 

Where the carryover of some fine droplets can be tolerated it is often sufficient to rely on gravity settling in a vertical or horizontal separating vessel (knockout pot). 

Equation 10.10 can be used to estimate the settling velocity of the liquid droplets, for the design of separating vessels. 

The normal practice in the design of forced-convection reboilers is to calculate the heat-transfer coefficient assuming that the heat is transferred by forced convection only. This will give conservative (safe) values, as any boiling that occurs will invariably increase the rate of heat transfer. In many designs the pressure is controlled to prevent any appreciable vaporisation in the exchanger. A throttle value is installed in the exchanger outlet line, and the liquid flashes as the pressure is let down into the vapour-liquid separation vessel. 

Procedure To a dry Erlenmeyer flask of appropriate size, add one half of the reaction solvent. All reactants, including the dry mass of the hydroperoxide, should not constitute more than 23 weight percent of the reaction mixture or an insoluble product may be produced. Add dry lignin and dry calcium chloride to the reaction vessel and cap with a septum or rubber stopper. In a separate vessel, dissolve 2-propenamide in about one quarter of the DMSO solvent and, in a third vessel, dissolve the sulfonated monomer in the final one quarter of the solvent. Saturate both monomer solutions with by bubbling with the gas for 10 minutes. Saturate the lignin solution with for 10 minutes. Add the hydroperoxide to... 

In the ion-electron method of balancing redox equations, an equation for the oxidation half-reaction and one for the reduction half-reaction are written and balanced separately. Only when each of these is complete and balanced are the two combined into one complete equation for the reaction as a whole. It is worthwhile to balance the half-reactions separately since the two half-reactions can be carried out in separate vessels if they are suitably connected electrically. (See Chap. 14.) In general, net ionic equations are used in this process certainly some ions are required in each half-reaction. In the equations for the two half-reactions, electrons appear explicitly in the equation for the complete reaction—the combination of the two half-reactions—no electrons are included. 

Carter Also known as H.T.S. Carter. A proces for making basic lead carbonate pigment (white lead). Lead monoxide, in a slowly revolving drum, is moistened and sprayed with acetic acid. Carbon dioxide is then introduced. Carbonation is subsequently completed in a separate vessel. See also Dutch, Thompson-Stewart. 

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