Fuel technology

In the late 1980s attempts were made in California to shift fuel use to methanol in order to capture the air quaHty benefits of the reduced photochemical reactivity of the emissions from methanol-fueled vehicles. Proposed legislation would mandate that some fraction of the sales of each vehicle manufacturer be capable of using methanol, and that fuel suppHers ensure that methanol was used in these vehicles. The legislation became a study of the California Advisory Board on Air QuaHty and Fuels. The report of the study recommended a broader approach to fuel quaHty and fuel choice that would define environmental objectives and allow the marketplace to determine which vehicle and fuel technologies were adequate to meet environmental objectives at lowest cost and maximum value to consumers. The report directed the California ARB to develop a regulatory approach that would preserve environmental objectives by using emissions standards that reflected the best potential of the cleanest fuels. 

Synthetic Fuel. Solvent extraction has many appHcations in synthetic fuel technology such as the extraction of the Athabasca tar sands (qv) and Irish peat using / -pentane [109-66-0] (238) and a process for treating coal (qv) using a solvent under hydrogen (qv) (239). In the latter case, coal reacts with a minimum amount of hydrogen so that the solvent extracts valuable feedstock components before the soHd residue is burned. Solvent extraction is used in coal Hquefaction processes (240) and synthetic fuel refining (see Coal conversion processes Fuels, synthetic). 

A. Francis and M. C. Peters, Fuels and Fuel Technology, Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, 1980. 

There is an inherent economic penalty associated with producing Hquids from either natural gas or soHd coal feedstock. Synthetic Hquid fuels technologies are generally not economically competitive with cmde oil processing in the absence of extraneous influences such as price supports or regulations. 

Metha.nol-to-Ga.soline, The most significant development in synthetic fuels technology since the discovery of the Fischer-Tropsch process is the Mobil methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process (47—49). Methanol is efftcientiy transformed into C2—C q hydrocarbons in a reaction catalyzed by the synthetic zeoHte ZSM-5 (50—52). The MTG reaction path is presented in Figure 5 (47). The reaction sequence can be summarized as... 

Chaffee, A.L., Loch, H.J. and Pandolfo, A.G., "Methane Adsorption on High Surface Area Carbons" CSIRO, Division of Fuel Technology, Investigation Report FT/IR 03IR (1989)... 

The greatest success in new fossil fuel technology has a distant government-aid basis. The combustion turbine is a stationaiy adaptation of the jet engine. The combustion turbine s development and improvement were aided by government militaiy aircraft programs. However, turbine manufacturers independently developed the electric-power version. 

Crow, M. (1988). Synthetic Fuel Technology Development in the United States. New York Praeger Publishing. 

Wind energy economics focuses on the fuel-saving aspects of this renewable resource, but capacity benefits and pollution reduction are important considerations as well. The capital costs are significant, hut there is no annual fuel cost as is associated with fossil fuel technologies. Thus, wind energy has been used... 

Figure 23.5 A stoker-fired watertube boiler of 36,300 kg/h steam capacity at 28 bar and 385°C (from British Coal Publication, Boiler House Design for Solid Fuel, 1980, and kind permission from College of Fuel Technology)...

Marion, P., Axens Clean Fuels Technologies, in 4th International Conference on Petroleum Refining Technology Economics in Russia, the CIS and Baltics. 2002, 21-23 October. Axens-IFP. 

Thus, the increasing application of the various intrinsic properties of biopolymers, coupled with the knowledge of how such properties can be improved to achieve compatibility with thermoplastics processing, manufacturing, and end-use requirements, and has fueled technological and commercial interest in biopolymers. 

GM has pledged to develop a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle that would compete with conventional cars in volume by 2010. The company has 1,000 people working on the project in government, university and private labs in 14 countries. It has spent over 1 billion on the project since 1996. Daim-lerChrysler has also spent a billion on hydrogen fueled technology. 

The City of Davis receives the project funds for disbursement to the other project partners. The program seeks to validate advanced clean fuel technologies in a practical application. 

The chapters that follow are based on lectures presented at the Idecat conference on Catalysis for Renewables , Rolduc, The Netherlands, which had been organized to discuss different technology options and related catalytic advances or challenges. Whereas the main focus is on biomass related catalytic technologies, lectures on fossil fuel technology as well as solar and biotechnological conversion paths were also included. 

Francis, W., and Peters, M. C. 1980. Fuels and Fuel Technology A Summarized Manual. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY, Sec. C. 

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, and it will be available long after petroleum and natural gas are scarce. However, because liquids and gases are more desirable than solid fuels, technologies have been, and continue to be, developed to economically convert coal into liquid and gaseous fuels. 

Biles RW, McKee RH. 1983. Toxicological testing for hazard identification in synthetic fuel technology. Dev Toxicol Environ Sci 11 13-21. 

In 1961 Peter Given joined the faculty of The Pennsylvania State University as Associate Professor of Fuel Technolo. He stayed at Penn State until his retirement in 1986. Promotion to professor came in 1962. In 1965 he became chairman of what was then the Department of Fuel Technology. Internal reorganization at Penn State in the late 60 s led to Fuel Technology becoming the Fuel Science program of the... 

Bernhardt, W., Konig, A., Lee, W. and Menard, H., Economic Approaches to Utilize Alcohol Fuels in Automobiles, Inter. Symposium on Alcohol Fuel Technology, Wolfsburg, Germany (Nov. 1977). 

Bern, L.A., Brandberg, A., "Methanol Supplied to the Swedish Motor Fuel Market, "International Symposium and Alcohol Fuel Technology Methanol and Ethanol, Wolfsburg, Germany, Nov. 21-23, 1975, Vol. II. 

Coodger, E. and R. Vere. 1985. Aviation Fuels Technology. London Macmillan. 

Diesel-ethanol formulations are being marketed that contain other blended components to enhance fuel performance. These recently developed diesel blends contain ethanol at volumes ranging from 7.5% to as high as 30%. Additive concentrations in these blends average 5% or more. This fuel technology is in the early stages of field application. 

Conjugation In fuel technology, this term typically refers to olefins containing double bonds which exist between alternating carbon atoms. Conjugated olefins are quite unstable and lead to fuel degradation and deposits. 

Detergent In relationship to fuel technology, a detergent is an oil-soluble surfactant added to fuel aiding in the prevention and removal of deposits. Examples include anionic alkyl aryl sulfonates, cationic fatty acid amides, or nonionic polyol condensates. 

---