Processing oils ester-based

A. M. Durr, Jr., J. Huycke, H. L. Jackson, B. J. Hardy, and K. W. Smith. An ester base oil for lubricant compounds and process of making an ester base oil from an organic reaction by-product. Patent EP 606553, 1994. 

It should be pointed out that the raw materials for VAM and its related polymers (i.e. ethylene and acetic acid) are produced from fossil resources, mainly crude oil. It is possible to completely substitute the feedstock for these raw materials and switch to ethanol, which can be produced from renewable resources like sugar cane, com, or preferably straw and other non-food parts of plants. Having that in mind, the whole production of PVAc, that nowadays is based on traditional fossil resources, could be switched to a renewable, sustainable and C02-neutral production process based on bioethanol, as shown in Fig. 3. If the vinyl acetate circle can be closed by the important steps of biodegradation or hydrolysis and biodegradation of vinyl ester-based polymers back to carbon dioxide, then a tmly sustainable material circle can be established. 

Plasticizers. These materials are added to reduce the hardness of the compound and can reduce the viscosity of the uncured compound to facilitate processes such as mixing and extruding. The most common materials are petroleum-based oils, esters, and fatty acids. Critical properties of these materials are their compatibility with the rubber and their viscosity. Failure to obtain sufficient compatibility will cause the plasticizer to diffuse out of the compound. The oils are classified as aromatic, naphthenic, or paraffinic according to their components. Aromatic oils will be more compatible with styrene-butadiene rubber than paraffinic oils, whereas the inverse will be true for butyl rubber. The aromatic oils are dark colored and thus cannot be used where color is critical, as in the white sidewall of a tire. The naphthenic and paraffinic oils can be colorless and are referred to as nonstaining. 

Methyl Ester-Based Processes. The fatty methyl esters are produced predominantly by the transesterification of fats and oils with methanol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst under very mild reaction conditions.l5a,b They are used in the production of lauric-type (Cl2) alcohols. The short-chain fatty methyl esters (C8-Cl0), produced as by-products via the fractional distillation of crude lauric-type (coconut, palm kernel) methyl esters, are converted to fatty acids via acidic or alkaline hydrolysis (Fig. 36.12). The hydrolysis of short-chain fatty methyl esters by stream splitting or Twitchell-type processes is not very efficient because of unfavorable equilibrium constants.16a,b... 

The subject of this book is the chemistry of petroleum base stocks and of their manufacturing processes from crude oil fractions. Petroleum base stocks are hydrocarbon-based liquids, which are the major component (80% to 98% by volume) of finished lubricants, the remaining 2% to 20% being additives to improve performance. Therefore this book does not deal with the manufacture of nonpetroleum base stocks such as synthetics (from olefins such as 1-decene), ester-based ones, and others. 

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a relatively new process, which is desirable for the separation of PUFA. Because this method is based on the separation of compounds on the basis of their molecular weight and not their degree of unsaturation, an earlier concentration step may be required to concentrate the n-3 PUFA. Thus, n-3 fatty acids have been concentrated by SFE from fish oil and seaweed (19-21). Fish oil esters were fractionated by SFE to obtain an oil with 60-65% DHA (22). 

Chem. Descrip. Quaternary ammonium compd. of bentonite Uses Thixotrope in aliphatic and aromatic solv.-based coatings, alkyds, processed oils, epoxy-esters, and oil-modifled urethanes Features Qrganoclay easy to disp., self-activating Properties 90% < 90 pm particle size dens. 11.93 Ib/gal bulking value 0.084 gal/lb 2.5% max. moisture Tixogel KM ]Sud-Chemie Inc]... 

Processing oils are often necessary to ensure good flow and proper filling of moulds. Unfortunately, the use of these oils can seriously hamper adhesion due to their ability to migrate to the adhesive/rubber interface during vulcanisation and interfere with crossbridging reactions. Lower levels of processing oils are always preferred for best adhesion. Naphthenic oils have the least deleterious effect on adhesion, while aromatic and ester based oils should be avoided if at all possible. 

Plasticizers, These materials are added to reduce the hardness of the compound and can reduce the viscosity of the uncured compound to facilitate processes such as mixing and extruding. The most common materials are petroleum-based oils, esters, and fatty acids. Critical properties of these materials are their compatibility with the rubber and their... 

Acetylation.—Gitronellal may be quantitatively estimated by the ordinary acetylation process i when the aldehyde is quantitatively converted into isopulegyl acetate, which is then determined by saponification with potash in the ordinary way. Dupont and Labaume have attempted to base a method for the separation of geraniol from citronellal in citron-ella oils on the fact that the citronellal oxime formed by shaking with hydroxylamine solution at the ordinary temperature is not converted into an ester by subsequent acetylation, but into the nitrile of citronellic acid which is stable towards" alkali during the saponification process. 

Results described in the literature have resulted in several patents, such as one for the improvement of the transport of viscous crude oil by microemulsions based on ether carboxylates [195], or combination with ether sulfate and nonionics [196], or several anionics, amphoterics, and nonionics [197] increased oil recovery with ether carboxylates and ethersulfonates [198] increased inversion temperature of the emulsion above the reservoir temperature by ether carboxylates [199], or systems based on ether carboxylate and sulfonate [200] or polyglucosylsorbitol fatty acid ester [201] and eventually cosolvents which are not susceptible for temperature changes. Ether carboxylates also show an improvement when used in a C02 drive process [202] or at recovery by steam flooding [203]. 

Synthetic-based muds are mineral oil muds in which the oil phase has been replaced with a synthetic fluid, such as ether, ester, PAO, or linear alkylbenzene, and are available from major mud companies. The mud selection process is based on the mud s technical performance, environmental impact, and financial impact. Synthetic muds are expensive. Two factors influence the direct cost unit or per-barrel cost and mud losses. Synthetic muds are the technical equivalent of oil-based muds when drilling intermediate hole sections. They are technically superior to all water-based systems when drilling reactive shales in directional wells. However, with efficient solids-control equipment, optimized drilling, and good housekeeping practices, the cost of the synthetic mud can be brought to a level comparable with oil-based mud [1308]. 

Of course, the lignocellulose also contains various minor components such as proteins, terpenic oils, fatty acids/esters and inorganic materials (e.g., mainly based on N, P and K). These components will not be considered here owing to lack of space but should not be forgotten as they interfere with many processes. For sustainable biomass production the inorganic materials need to be recycled from the process to the field. 

Since FAS can be produced either from vegetable oil based or petrochemical-based fatty alcohol (Fig. 4.9), both types have been evaluated in a life-cycle analysis with a positive overall result for the natural based product. With vegetable-based fatty alcohol sulfate, the analysis starts with the harvesting of the oil fruits (palm kernels or coconuts) and their processing to isolate the desired plant oil. Subsequent transesterification and hydrogenation of the methyl ester intermediates lead to the fatty alcohols, which are finally sulfated to produce the desired product. Based on this analysis the environmental impact of vegetable oil based fatty alcohol sulfate compared with the petrochemical based product is as follows ... 

Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids and is produced from vegetable oils by transesterification with methanol (Fig. 10.1). For every three moles of methyl esters one mole of glycerol is produced as a by-product, which is roughly 10 wt.% of the total product. Transesterification is usually catalyzed with base catalysts but there are also processes with acid catalysts. The base catalysts are the hydroxides and alkoxides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals. The acid catalysts are hydrochloride, sulfuric or sulfonic acid. Some metal-based catalysts can also be exploited, such as titanium alcoholates or oxides of tin, magnesium and zinc. All these catalyst acts as homogeneous catalysts and need to be removed from the product [16, 17]. The advantages of biodiesel as fuel are transportability, heat content (80% of diesel fuel), ready availability and renewability. The... 

---