Hydrocarbon fluids

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a very common contaminant in hydrocarbon fluids, especially in gases and gas condensate, and is a source of corrosion problems. CO2 in the gas phase dissolves in any water present to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which is highly corrosive. Its reaction with iron creates iron carbonate (FeCOg) ... 

The physical properties of hydrocarbon fluids General hydrocarbon phase behaviour... 

These constants are dependent upon pressure, temperature and also the composition of the hydrocarbon fluid, as the various components within the system will interact with each other. K values can be found in gas engineering data books. The basic separation process is similar for oil and gas production, though the relative amounts of each phase differ. 

Vapor Pressure. The Shiley Infusaid implantable infusion pump utilizes energy stored in a two-phase fluorinated hydrocarbon fluid. The pump consists of a refillable chamber that holds the dmg and a chamber that holds the fluid. The equiUbrium vapor pressure of the fluid, a constant 60 kPa (450 mm Hg), compresses the bellows, pumping the dmg through a bacterial filter, a capillary flow restrictor, and an infusion cannula to the target body site (56,116). 

This combination of monomers is unique in that the two are very different chemically, and in thek character in a polymer. Polybutadiene homopolymer has a low glass-transition temperature, remaining mbbery as low as —85° C, and is a very nonpolar substance with Htde resistance to hydrocarbon fluids such as oil or gasoline. Polyacrylonitrile, on the other hand, has a glass temperature of about 110°C, and is very polar and resistant to hydrocarbon fluids (see Acrylonitrile polymers). As a result, copolymerization of the two monomers at different ratios provides a wide choice of combinations of properties. In addition to providing the mbbery nature to the copolymer, butadiene also provides residual unsaturation, both in the main chain in the case of 1,4, or in a side chain in the case of 1,2 polymerization. This residual unsaturation is useful as a cure site for vulcanization by sulfur or by peroxides, but is also a weak point for chemical attack, such as oxidation, especially at elevated temperatures. As a result, all commercial NBR products contain small amounts ( 0.5-2.5%) of antioxidant to protect the polymer during its manufacture, storage, and use. 

AGA. Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards. Chapter 14—Natural Gas Fluids Measurement, Section 3 Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Fluids. AGA Report No. 3. (ANSI/API 2530, 1985 and CPA 8185, 1985). American Gas Association, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Common TEMA designations are AET and BET, and typical applications include exchangers handling chemical fluids, hydrocarbon fluid condensers, air or gas compressors, and inter-and after-coolers. 

If refined products, such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, or kerosene, are transported in a pipeline, where otherwise sour hydrocarbon fluids are transported, there may be an undesired enrichment of sulfur in the refined products. This can be avoided if the oxygen level of the transportant is maintained at below 20 ppm [570]. The dissolved oxygen level in the hydrocarbon product is controlled by reducing the amount of air injection employed in mercaptan or disulfide reduction or by the use of oxygen scavengers prior to the introduction of the refined hydrocarbon product into the pipeline. 

High-Temperature Defoamers. Polyisobutylene compounds are particularly effective in high-temperature (300° to 1 XX)° F) treatments of hydrocarbon fluids [786,788], such as during the distillation of crude oil and coking of crude oil residues. Polyisobutylene compounds are less expensive than silicone-based compounds. 

R. J. Falkiner and M. A. Poirier. Method for reducing elemental sulfur pick-up by hydrocarbon fluids in a pipeline. Patent CA2158789,1996. 

S. Malik, S. N. Shintre, and R. A. Mashelkar. Process for the preparation of a new polymer useful for drag reduction in hydrocarbon fluids in exceptionally dilute polymer solutions. Patent US 5080121, 1992. 

Burnham J.W. Harris, L.E. McDaniel, B.W. "Developments in Hydrocarbon Fluids for High Temperature Fracturing", SPE paper 7564, 1978 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, October 1-3. See also J. Pet. Technol., 1980, 32(2), 217-220. 

Slagel, R.C. and Bloomquist, A.E. "Friction Reduction in Flowing Hydrocarbon Fluids," US Patent 3,779,969(1973). 

Sasse, K., Jose, J., Merlin, J.-C. (1988) A static apparatus for measurement of low vapor pressures. Experimental results on high molecular-weight hydrocarbons. Fluid Phase Equil. 42, 287-304. 

Fig. 5 shows the simulated air-bubble formation and rising behavior in water. For the first three bubbles, the formation process is characterized by three distinct stages of expansion, detachment, and deformation. In comparison with the bubble formation in the air-hydrocarbon fluid (Paratherm) system, the coalescence of the first two bubbles occurs much earlier in the air-water system. Note that the physical properties of the Paratherm are p — 870kg/m3, Pi — 0.032 Pa - s, and a — 0.029 N/m at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa. This is due to the fact that, compared to that in the air-Paratherm system, the first bubble in the air-water system is much larger in size and hence higher in rise velocity leading... 

FLUID COKING A noncatalytic, thermal process for converting bitumen and coal liquids to lighter hydrocarbon fluids and gases. Developed by the Exxon Research Engineering Company and used commercially since 1954. See also FLEXICOKING. 

Vent and drain openings associated with hydrocarbon fluids or gases... 

For means of protection, the use of water based suppression systems may be a hazard due to the disposal of firewater water, which will freeze quite readily in exposed locations. This may also be the case with exposed hydrocarbon fluid lines that, if isolated, say for an ESD activation, may freeze up due to lack of circulation. This will hamper restart operations for the facility. Typical use in the past has been the reliance on gases fire suppression agents for enclosed area, particularly Halon. Other methods include fire water storage tanks that are kept warm, together with fire mains deeply buried and continually circulated. 

For engine driven units, a sample of the fuel supply in the day tank should be taken It should be analyzed for indications of water or sediment contamination. The sample should be allowed to stabilize for 24 hours to determine content. Entrained water will collect at the bottom of the sample container and hydrocarbon fluids will collect on top of it. Particulates will settle to the bottom. 

Electron attachment to O2 has been investigated in supercritical hydrocarbon fluids at densities up to about 10 molecules/cm using the pulsed electric conductivity technique [110], and the results have been explained in terms of the effect of the change in the electron potential energy and the polarization energy of 2 in the medium fluids. In general, electron attachment to O2 is considered to be a convenient probe to explore electron dynamics in the condensed phase. 

Kato, R., Krummen, M., and Gmehling, J., Measurement and correlation of vapor-liquid equilibria and excess enthalpies of binary systems containing ionic liquids and hydrocarbons. Fluid Phase Equilib., 224,47,2004. 

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