Process oils, analysis

At Goodyear laser-desorption MS has been used for direct analysis of rubber additives (e.g. antioxidants, antiozonants, vulcanising agents, processing oils, silica fillers, etc.), in situ at the surface of an elastomeric vulcanisate [74,75]. 

FD-MS is also an effective analytical method for direct analysis of many rubber and plastic additives. Lattimer and Welch [113,114] showed that FD-MS gives excellent molecular ion spectra for a variety of polymer additives, including rubber accelerators (dithiocar-bamates, guanidines, benzothiazyl, and thiuram derivatives), antioxidants (hindered phenols, aromatic amines), p-phcnylenediamine-based antiozonants, processing oils and phthalate plasticisers. Alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants have been characterised by FD-MS [115]. Jack-son et al. [116] analysed some plastic additives (hindered phenol AOs and benzotriazole UVA) by FD-MS. Reaction products of a p-phenylenediaminc antiozonant and d.v-9-lricoscnc (a model olefin) were assessed by FD-MS [117],... 

Figure 10 shows a spectrum of butyl rubber gum stock obtained on the solid at 80°C using normal pulsed FT techniques. Clearly it could be identified as a component in fabricated materials by direct nmr spectral analysis. Figure 11 shows spectra obtained from various portions of typical rubber products. These samples were cut from the rubber product, placed in an nmr tube without solvent, and spectra obtained at an elevated temperature. The data show how polyisoprene, a polyisoprene/polybutadiene blend and a polyisobutylene/polyisoprene/polybutadiene rubber blend are quickly identified in the materials. Figure 11a shows processing oil was present, and which was confirmed by solvent extraction. 

Example. A tailings stream from the hot-water flotation process (oil sands) contains 27 % (mass) solids. Estimate the suspension viscosity. Light-scattering analysis indicates that the particles are finely divided and anisotropic with a 10 Tm major dimension and a 0.5 pm minor dimension. Using Eq. 

The oil is either improperly processed or it is derived from poor-quality crude if the fresh oil analysis indicates the following ... 

Overall, DSC is an excellent method to measure the wax appearance and crystallization temperatures of vegetable oils. Due to the complexity of the vegetable oil composition with respect to their FA distribution, the situation is not as simple as pure triacylglycerol molecules. Moreover, there is significant influence of the nature, relative abundance, and orientation of C=C bonds on the wax appearance temperatures. Further, presence of other saturated short-chain-length FAs in vegetable oil structure is found to affect the crystallization process. Statistical analysis of NMR-derived vegetable oil structure support the influence of several predictor variables associated with FA unsaturation on the crystalhzation process. 

The Mizushima Oil Refinery of Japan Energy Corporation first implemented an operation of vacuum residue hydrodesulfiirization in the conventional fixed bed reactor system in 1980. We have also conducted a high conversion operation to produce more middle distillates as well as lower the viscosity of the product fuel oil to save valuable gas oil which is used to adjust the viscosity. Vacuum residue hydrodesulfurization in fixed bed reactors mvolves the characteristic problems such as hot spot occurrence and pressure-drop build-up. There has been very little literature available discussing these problems based on commercial results. JafiFe analyzed hot spot phenomena in a gas phase fixed bed reactor mathematically, assuming an existence of the local flow disturbance region [1]. However, no cause of flow disturbance was discussed. To seek for appropriate solutions, we postulated causes ofhot spot occurrence and pressure-drop build-up by conducting process data analysis, chemical analysis of the used catalysts, and cold flow model tests. This paper describes our solutions to these problems, which have been demonstrated in the commercial operations. 

Dicoronylene is the predominant molecule that causes process pipe plugging [231-Its low solubilities in process oils are only on the order of a few parts-per-million, so saturation is reached very early in the process run. This PAH is so large that it is not volatile enough for gas chromatographic analysis and too absorbing for HPLC analysis. The low solubility requires a very sensitive analysis. 

Particles, moisture, soot, heat, air, glycol, fuel, detergents, and process fluids are all contaminants commonly found in industrial lubricants and hydraulic fluids. However, particle contamination is widely recognized as the most destructive contaminant to the oil and machine. This is the reason why the particle counter is the most widely used instrument in oil analysis today. The central strategy to its success in reducing maintenance costs and increasing machine reliability is proactive maintenance. 

Burnham, A. K. Clarkson, J. E. "Determination of Process Yield for OiT Shale Retorting Using Oil Analysis by Capillary Column Chromatography," Proc. 13th Oil Shale Symp., J. H. Gary, Ed. Colorado School of Mines Press Golden, CO, 1980 p. 269. 

Fibers and textiles are well suited to NIR reflectance analysis. Analyses include identifying the type of fiber, the uptake of dyes, the presence of processing oil in polyester yarns, and the presence of fabric sizing agents. 

Bulk solid samples must be machined or polished into the correct shape, and this must be done without contaminating the surface from the grinding material or altering the surface composition by polishing out a soft phase, for example. The surface must be cleaned of any lubricant or oil used in the machining process before analysis. 

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