Lotions

Scale (mg/g) Item Material Name Quantity/1000 Tablets (g) 

Prepare a saturated item 5 solution using 3 g of item 5 in 1000 mL purified water, mixing vigorously for 1 hour. 

Calcipotriene cream, 0.005%, contains calcipotriene monohydrate, a synthetic vitamin D 3 derivative, for topical dermatological use. Chemically, calcipotriene monohydrate is (5Z,7E,22E,24S)-24-cyclopropyl-9,10-seco-chola-5,7,10(19), 22-tetraene-l(alpha),3(beta),24-triol monohydrate, with the empirical formula C27 H40 03  

Add the balance of water. Add item 6 and item 7 to the above solution with rapid mixing for 15 minutes. 

Add item 3 and mix until uniform. Begin adding the aqueous solution with mixing until it is blended into a lotion. 

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Phospholipid molecules form bilayer films or membranes about 5 nm in thickness as illustrated in Fig. XV-10. Vesicles or liposomes are closed bilayer shells in the 100-1000-nm size range formed on sonication of bilayer forming amphiphiles. Vesicles find use as controlled release and delivery vehicles in cosmetic lotions, agrochemicals, and, potentially, drugs. The advances in cryoelec-tron microscopy (see Section VIII-2A) in recent years have aided their characterization [70-72]. Additional light and x-ray scattering measurements reveal bilayer thickness and phase transitions [70, 71]. Differential thermal analysis... 

Zinc carbonate and zinc oxide are constituents of calamine lotion. Zinc oxide, an antiseptic, is present in zinc ointment and in cosmetic powders. 

A wide variety of applications has been proposed for aminothiazole derivatives from fungicides (Table VI-6) to a component of hair-waving lotions containing cosmetic resins for dyeing hair (733). The main applications cover the fields of agriculture, pharmacy, and photography or related activities. This section is only representative, not exhaustive, and can be completed with the indications given in Tables of Section VII. 

Sulfathiazole is advised as an hair lotion additive defatting the hair and reducing formation of dandruff (1024). The polymeric 2-aminothiazoles derivatives (427) exhibit good thermal stability with decomposition in air starting at 350°C (1025). 

Quick-breaking foams consist of a miscible solvent system such ethanol (qv) [64-17-5] and water, and a surfactant that is soluble in one of the solvents but not in both. These foams are advantageous for topical appHcation of pharmaceuticals because, once the foam hits the affected area, the foam coUapses, deUvering the product to the wound without further injury from mechanical dispersion. This method is especially usehil for treatment of bums. Some personal products such as nail poHsh remover and after-shave lotion have also been formulated as quick-breaking foams. 

The purified gum hydrates slowly in water to give viscous solutions at concentrations up to 1% and clear gelatinous masses at higher concentrations. PsyUium seed gum is a laxative additive and is used in cosmetics and in hair-setting lotions. 

As predictable from the similarity of the properties of the two gums, quince seed gum is used in the appHcations described above for psyllium seed gum. Specific appHcations are in cosmetics and hair-setting lotions. It has also been used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations. 

Shampoos have been prepared in various forms, and have included systems that are thick and thin, clear and opaque, pourable Hquids, soflds, gels, pastes, powders, flakes, and aerosol types. In many cases, shampoos have been prepared and directed for various hair types, eg, normal, dry, damaged, and color treated. Most marketed shampoos (ca 1993) are primarily clear Hquid and opaque lotion types gel and paste forms also are available. Aerosol shampoos are available to the consumer however, their impact on the market has been limited to the dry shampoo aerosol. 

Hair conditioning can be associated with almost any hair product sold in the marketplace because they all claim some benefit to the hair when used. Thus the term hair conditioner can be appHed to such products as rinses, hair dressings, setting lotions, and hair sprays. Conditioners are used to provide different effects to the hair primarily ease of combing, sheen, and soft feel. 

Depending on the type of waving product used, there may be several variations to the procedure outlined above. Thus, instead of wrapping with lotion, the hair is wound wet and the lotion appHed to curled hair. Some instmctions also suggest a creep stage for better tightness and durabiUty. This is simply a 30 min wait between rinsing off the lotion and appHcation of the neutralizer. 

Waving Lotions. The reagent most frequently used for the reduction of hair is thioglycolic acid [68-11-1]. Although a variety of other mercaptans have been screened (51), none has been able to match the unique combination of efficacy, safety, and low cost that is a hallmark of thioglycolic acid. 

Neutralizing Lotion. The principal active ingredient of cold wave neutralizers is usually an oxidizing agent. The most popular is hydrogen peroxide [7722-84-1J, employed at a concentration of 1—2% it continues to find widespread use. Aqueous solutions of sodium bromate [7789-38-0] at a concentration of 10—20% occasionally are used and are technically preferred over the peroxide formulations because of excellent stabiUty and absence of hair bleaching. Neutralizing powders appear to be on the decline but formulations stiU in use consist of sodium perborate [7632-04-4] combined with hexametaphosphates to improve solubiUty in hard water. 

Cosmetics and Soaps, One to five percent lecithin moisturizes, emulsifies, stabilizes, conditions, and softens when used ia products such as skin creams and lotions, shampoos and hair treatment, and Hquid and bat soaps. Siace the iatroduction of Capture ia 1986, liposomes produced from phosphohpids ate commercially available worldwide (36,37). 

Bay Oil. Steam distillation of the leaves of the tree Pimenta racemosa (Mill) which is indigenous to certain islands of the West Indies, particularly Dominica and Puerto Rico, is called bay or bay leaf oil. The same source was used in the past to produce Bay Rum in which mm was distilled over the leaves. Bay oil [8006-78-8] is a yellowish to dark brown mobile Hquid with a fresh-spicy, sometimes medicinal odor with a lasting sweet-balsamic undertone. The oil finds extensive use in hair tonics, after-shave lotions as well as other men s-type fragrances. There is Htde or no use by the flavor industry. The range of components for a number of bay leaf oils is shown in Table 25 (66). 

The pharmaceutical industry employs ozone in organic reactions to produce peroxides as germicides in skin lotions, for the oxidation of intermediates for bacteriostats, and in the synthesis of steroids (qv) such as cortisone (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). Vitamin E can be prepared by ozonation of trimethyUiydroquinone. 

Aerosols. Pressurized containers to deHver aerosolized dmg products through appropriate systems of valves and actuators have been available since the 1950s (see Aerosols). Such dosage forms are used as external appHcations of lotions and creams, for oral inhalation, or for treatment of the vaginal cavity, eg, contraceptive foams. Aerosols contain two- or three-phase systems, wherein a volatile Hquid or admixture of Hquids is sealed in a... 

If the dmg is not soluble in the propellant, it is dissolved or dispersed in a Hquid vehicle. The propellant then constitutes the third phase of the system, and the container must be shaken before valve actuation. Emulsified aerosol products like lotions and creams are examples of such systems. 

Detergents and Lotions. The addition of PEO provides a silky feel to soHd and Hquid products. This unique lubricious property has been successfully exploited in formulation of razor strips (169) and in shampoos, detergents, and other personal-care appHcations. Eormulations are available from the manufacturers. 

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. Alkanolamines ate important taw materials in the manufacture of creams (95—97), lotions, shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics. Soaps (98) formed from triethanolamine and fatty acids ate mild, with low alkalinity and excellent detergency. Triethanolamine lauryl sulfate is a common base for shampoos (99—101) and offers significant mildness over sodiumlauryl sulfate. Diethanolamine lauryl sulfate and fatty acid soaps of mono- and trietban olamine can also be used in shampoos and bubble bath formulations. Chemistry similar to that used in soluble oils and other emulsifiers is appUcable to cleansing creams and lotions (102,103). Alkanolamides or salts ate added to the shampoo base to give a smooth, dense foam (104). 

In Cosmetics. Amino acids and their derivatives occur in skin protein, and they exhibit a controlling or buffering effect of pH variation in skin and a bactericidal effect (216). Serine is one component of skin care cream or lotion. Ai-Acylglutamic acid triethanolamine monosalt is used for shampoo. Glucose glutamate is a moisturizing compound for hair and skin (234). 

Isopropyl alcohol is also employed widely as a solvent for cosmetics (qv), eg, lotions, perfumes, shampoos, skin cleansers, nail poHshes, makeup removers, deodorants, body oils, and skin lotions. In cosmetic appHcations, the acetone-like odor of isopropyl alcohol is masked by the addition of fragrance (144). 

Littiepoint Corp. Cambridge, Mass. Littiepoint Insect RepeUent lotion 10... 

Pete Rickard Inc. CobleskiU, N.Y. Ole Time Woodsman Kampers lotion 50... 

Liberty Comer, N.J. Muskol Insect RepeUent lotion 100... 

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