Personal-care products

Some antibiotics are also used in horticulture to control contamination of micropropagation, plant tissue culture, and in controlling bacterial diseases of fruit trees (Levy, 1992 FaUdner, 1998). Commonly used in horticulture are cephalosporins, neomycin, novobiocin, polymyxin, and sulfaguanidine. More than 20 tons of streptomycin and tetracycline are used by the horticulture industry in the United States per annum. Substantial amounts of antibiotics are also used in aquaculture, whereby they are either directly added to the water (therapy) or as part of the feed, resulting in high concentrations in the water and adjoining sediments. An examination of the levels of use of various PPCPs for various purposes is outline next. 

Structured suspensions of this kind that can support a small or large yield stress are described in Chapter 7. 

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Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals. The main use of hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol) is in cosmetics (qv) and pharmaceuticals (qv), where it and octadecanol (stearyl alcohol) are used extensively as emoUient additives and as bases for creams, Hpsticks, ointments, and suppositories. Octadecenol (oleyl alcohol) is also widely used (47), as are the nonlinear alcohols. The compatibiHty of heavy cut alcohols and other cosmetic materials or active dmg agents, their mildness, skin feel, and low toxicity have made them the preferred materials for these appHcations. Higher alcohols and their derivatives are used in conditioning shampoos, in other personal care products, and in ingested materials such as vitamins (qv) and sustained release tablets (see Controlled RELEASE technology). 

The presence of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide in permanent hair color products is a disadvantage. Both are considered by consumers to be harsh chemicals. The odor of ammonia is unpleasant for a personal care product. Monoethanol amine has been used as a substitute for ammonia in some commercial permanent hair color products. It is not as effective as ammonia in allowing the hair to be lightened but it does not have as strong an odor. 

The most common use of 2-(2, 4 -dichlorophenoxy)-5-chlorophenol (2,4,4 -trichloro 2 -phenoxyphenol) is in the personal care products market, where it is commonly known as triclosan and is the active antibacterial in underarm deodorants. It has also found some acceptance as an antibacterial component of plastic mattress covers. 

USP-grade anhydrous magnesium carbonate is used as a flavor impression intensification vehicle in the processed food industry (see Flavors and spices). Basic magnesium carbonates are used as free flowing agents in the manufacture of table salt, as a hulking agent in powder and tablet pharmaceutical formulations, as an antacid, and in a variety of personal care products (see Pharmaceuticals). 

Denture Adhesives. Fast hydration and gel-forming properties are ideally mated to produce a thick, cushioning fluid between the dentures and gums (100). The biologically inert nature of poly(ethylene oxide) helps reduce unpleasant odors and taste in this type of personal-care product (see... 

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. Alkanolamines ate important taw materials in the manufacture of creams (95—97), lotions, shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics. Soaps (98) formed from triethanolamine and fatty acids ate mild, with low alkalinity and excellent detergency. Triethanolamine lauryl sulfate is a common base for shampoos (99—101) and offers significant mildness over sodiumlauryl sulfate. Diethanolamine lauryl sulfate and fatty acid soaps of mono- and trietban olamine can also be used in shampoos and bubble bath formulations. Chemistry similar to that used in soluble oils and other emulsifiers is appUcable to cleansing creams and lotions (102,103). Alkanolamides or salts ate added to the shampoo base to give a smooth, dense foam (104). 

The Rheo-Tex rheometer is an inexpensive, automated instmment using load cell technology to measure indentation and creep. Available software calculates hardness/softness, brittleness, plasticity, and tensile strength. This instmment is particularly valuable for measurements on foods and personal care products. 

Acylated Protein Hydrolysates. These surfactants are prepared by acylation of proteia hydrolysates with fatty acids or acid chlorides. The hydrolysates are variable ia composition, depending on the degree of hydrolysis. CoUagen from leather (qv) processiag is a common proteia source. Acylated proteia hydrolysates (Maypoa, by laotex Chemical Company) are mild surfactants recommended for personal-care products (see Cosmetics). 

PVP / styrene ISP/Polectron 430 30% VP opacifier for personal care products very stable styrene emulsion... 

Cosmetics. Castor od and its derivatives are utilized in cosmetic and personal care products. The low pour point and high viscosity produce lubricity and wetting properties desired in Hpsticks. Basic Hpstick contains 20—44 wt % castor od, which also acts as an ideal dispersant for pigments (116). One Hpstick formula contains 38 wt % castor od and 9.5% glycerol monoricinoleate (117). 

Trade association of manufacturers, marketers, formula-tors, and suppliers of household, industrial, and personal care products. Acts as a clearinghouse for legislative and scientific developments that affect potentially toxic products used in the home and businesses. 

One of the most striking and useful properties of exopolysaccharides is that they can form gels at relatively low concentration (typically around 1%). Gels are distinct from viscous solutions that flow readily and are used widely in the food industry and in some personal care products. The mechanism of gel formation depends on the type of microbial exopolysaccharide ... 

In contrast to heavy-duty conventional or (super)compact detergents, alkanesulfonates are well suited as cost-limiting ingredients in personal care products. Consequently, there are a lot of proposals to formulate shampoos, shower products, and bubble baths (cf. Refs. 78 and 79). Examples of basic formulations are given in Table 24. The commercialization of such formulations, mostly as no-name brands, is, however, only marginal. Some new aspects have been... 

The total worldwide consumption of AOS in 1990 was of the order of 85,000 tonnes [12] split between household products (55,000 tonnes) toiletries and personal care products (20,000 tonnes), and industrial and institutional uses (10,000 tonnes). The worldwide consumption of all synthetic detergents in 1990 was as follows (1) anionics (3,390,000 tonnes), cationics (815,000 tonnes), and nonionics (910,000 tonnes). From the total of 5,115,000 tonnes, AOS consumption accounts for 1.5%. 

The use of AOS in toiletries and personal care products has now been established. In India, for example, AOS has been used by leading toilet soap manufacturers with clear performance benefits, especially in hard water-sensitive areas. Combo bars, where part of the usual fatty acid soap is replaced by synthetic AOS as shown in Table 29, seem to be especially attractive from a cost/performance point of view. 

V. APPLICATION FIELDS AND USAGE A. Personal Care Products... 

Siloxane containing copolymeric surfactants also find applications as surfactants in paints and personal care products such as shampoos. 

AOPs are valuable tertiary treatments allowing not only inactivation of a wide spectrum of pathogens but also the removal of a great number of the so-called emerging pollutants (pharmaceutical, personal care products). These are not totally removed during conventional treatment, but remain in the wastewater effluents [33]. Among different alternatives electrochemical oxidation with bom doped diamond electrodes (BDD) has been reported to be effective on eliminating... 

Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticisers Perfluorinated compounds Pharmaceuticals and personal care products Polar pesticides and their degradation/transformation products Surfactants and their metabolites... 

NakadaN, Shinohara H, Murata A, Kiri K, Managaki S, Sato N, Takada H (2007) Removal of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during sand filtration and ozonation at a municipal sewage treatment plant. Water Res 41 4373-4382... 

Lishman L, Smyth SA, Sarafln K, Kleywegt S, Toito J, Peart T, Lee B, Servos M, Beland M, Seto P (2006) Occurrence and reductions of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and estrogens by municipal wastewater treatment plants in Ontario, Canada. Sci Total Environ 367 544-558... 

Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2008) Multiresidue methods for the analysis of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and illicit drugs in surface water and wastewater by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 391(4) 1293-1308... 

Kasprzyk-Hordem B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2009) The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disrupters and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Res 43(2) 363-380... 

Boyd OR, Palmeri JM, Zhang S, Grimm DA (2004) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine dismpting chemicals (EDCs) in stormwater canals and Bayou St. John in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Sci Total Environ 333 137-148... 

Moldovan Z (2006) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as micropollutants in rivers from Romania. Chemosphere 64 1808-1817... 

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