Personal care

Cabot Aerogel offers four unique aerogel insulation products  

With a focus on fine particle technology, Cabot is able to control optical properties, granule size, distribution, and porosity during the manufacturing of aerogel - the end result is a highly adaptive material (Table 38.1). 

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Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals. The main use of hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol) is in cosmetics (qv) and pharmaceuticals (qv), where it and octadecanol (stearyl alcohol) are used extensively as emoUient additives and as bases for creams, Hpsticks, ointments, and suppositories. Octadecenol (oleyl alcohol) is also widely used (47), as are the nonlinear alcohols. The compatibiHty of heavy cut alcohols and other cosmetic materials or active dmg agents, their mildness, skin feel, and low toxicity have made them the preferred materials for these appHcations. Higher alcohols and their derivatives are used in conditioning shampoos, in other personal care products, and in ingested materials such as vitamins (qv) and sustained release tablets (see Controlled RELEASE technology). 

The presence of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide in permanent hair color products is a disadvantage. Both are considered by consumers to be harsh chemicals. The odor of ammonia is unpleasant for a personal care product. Monoethanol amine has been used as a substitute for ammonia in some commercial permanent hair color products. It is not as effective as ammonia in allowing the hair to be lightened but it does not have as strong an odor. 

The most common use of 2-(2, 4 -dichlorophenoxy)-5-chlorophenol (2,4,4 -trichloro 2 -phenoxyphenol) is in the personal care products market, where it is commonly known as triclosan and is the active antibacterial in underarm deodorants. It has also found some acceptance as an antibacterial component of plastic mattress covers. 

USP-grade anhydrous magnesium carbonate is used as a flavor impression intensification vehicle in the processed food industry (see Flavors and spices). Basic magnesium carbonates are used as free flowing agents in the manufacture of table salt, as a hulking agent in powder and tablet pharmaceutical formulations, as an antacid, and in a variety of personal care products (see Pharmaceuticals). 

Bromination. 1-Bromoalkanes are produced commercially by the anti-Markovnikow free-radical addition of HBr to a-olefins. These are further reacted with dimethyl amine to produce alkyldimethyl amines, which ultimately are converted to amine products for household cleaning and personal care. 

Poly(ethylene oxide) resins are safely used in numerous pharmaceutical and personal-care appHcations. Poly(ethylene oxide) resins show a low order toxicity in animal studies by all routes of exposure. Because of their high molecular weight, they are poorly adsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and completely... 

Denture Adhesives. Fast hydration and gel-forming properties are ideally mated to produce a thick, cushioning fluid between the dentures and gums (100). The biologically inert nature of poly(ethylene oxide) helps reduce unpleasant odors and taste in this type of personal-care product (see... 

Detergents and Lotions. The addition of PEO provides a silky feel to soHd and Hquid products. This unique lubricious property has been successfully exploited in formulation of razor strips (169) and in shampoos, detergents, and other personal-care appHcations. Eormulations are available from the manufacturers. 

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. Alkanolamines ate important taw materials in the manufacture of creams (95—97), lotions, shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics. Soaps (98) formed from triethanolamine and fatty acids ate mild, with low alkalinity and excellent detergency. Triethanolamine lauryl sulfate is a common base for shampoos (99—101) and offers significant mildness over sodiumlauryl sulfate. Diethanolamine lauryl sulfate and fatty acid soaps of mono- and trietban olamine can also be used in shampoos and bubble bath formulations. Chemistry similar to that used in soluble oils and other emulsifiers is appUcable to cleansing creams and lotions (102,103). Alkanolamides or salts ate added to the shampoo base to give a smooth, dense foam (104). 

Betaines, or specialty quaternaries, are used in the personal care industry in shampoos, conditioners, foaming, and wetting agents. 

Examples of uses foi amine oxides include detergent and personal care areas as a foam booster and stabilizer, as a dispersant for glass fibers, and as a foaming component in gas recovery systems. Commercial suppliers of fatty amine oxides include Akzo Chemicals Inc. (Aromox) (73), Jordan Chemical Company (PPG Industries) (fordamox) (78), and Lonza (Badox) (79). 

Uses of isopropyl alcohol are chemical, solvent, and medical. Estimated U.S. uses in 1993 were as chemical intermediates, 34% personal care and household products, 24% coatings and ink solvent, 15% processing solvent, 12% pharmaceuticals, 10% and miscellaneous uses, 5% (143). 

The Rheo-Tex rheometer is an inexpensive, automated instmment using load cell technology to measure indentation and creep. Available software calculates hardness/softness, brittleness, plasticity, and tensile strength. This instmment is particularly valuable for measurements on foods and personal care products. 

Silicone Fluids. Sihcone fluids are used in a wide variety of appHcations, including damping fluids, dielectric fluids, poHshes, cosmetic and personal care additives, textile finishes, hydraiflic fluids, paint additives, and heat-transfer oils. Polydimethylsiloxane oils are manufactured by the equihbrium polymerisation of cycHc or linear dimethyl silicone precursors. Trifunctional organosilane end groups, typically trimethylsilyl (M), are used, and the ratio of end group to chain units (D), ie, M/D, controls the ultimate average molecular weight and viscosity (112). Low viscosity fluids,... 

Acylated Protein Hydrolysates. These surfactants are prepared by acylation of proteia hydrolysates with fatty acids or acid chlorides. The hydrolysates are variable ia composition, depending on the degree of hydrolysis. CoUagen from leather (qv) processiag is a common proteia source. Acylated proteia hydrolysates (Maypoa, by laotex Chemical Company) are mild surfactants recommended for personal-care products (see Cosmetics). 

PVP / styrene ISP/Polectron 430 30% VP opacifier for personal care products very stable styrene emulsion... 

Cosmetics. Castor od and its derivatives are utilized in cosmetic and personal care products. The low pour point and high viscosity produce lubricity and wetting properties desired in Hpsticks. Basic Hpstick contains 20—44 wt % castor od, which also acts as an ideal dispersant for pigments (116). One Hpstick formula contains 38 wt % castor od and 9.5% glycerol monoricinoleate (117). 

Health and Safety Factors As a class, surfactants and detergent products are among the most widely used chemical compositions. Almost everyone is exposed to these products on a daily basis ia situatioas that range from ingestion of food-grade emulsifiers to intimate coatact of skin and eyes with personal-care and laundry products. Safety is therefore a matter of great importance (132,133). Ranges of surfactant LD q values are shown ia Table 2. 

Trade association of manufacturers, marketers, formula-tors, and suppliers of household, industrial, and personal care products. Acts as a clearinghouse for legislative and scientific developments that affect potentially toxic products used in the home and businesses. 

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