West Indies

Vanilla. Vanilla is the dried, cured, fuU-sized, but not fully ripe fmit pods (beans) of Vanillaplanifolia And. and V. tahitensis J. W. Moore (Orchidaceae). The vine is native to the tropical rain forests of southern Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and northern South America. Plantings were started in Madagascar, Reunion, Java, Mauritius, and Zanzibar in 1840. The Madagascar-type bean is stUl the most important, but Indonesia produces more than Malagasy. The stmcture of the flower prevents self-pollination and therefore, where insects are not prevalent, hand pollination is necessary. 

West Indies tropical forest, mixed ages 59.0 212 1.55... 

Amyris Oil. Obtained by steam distillation of the wood of y m hakamijera L., the so-called West Indian sandalwood which is indigenous to northern South America, Central America, and the West Indies, amyris oil [8015-65-4] is a pale yellow to brownish yellow viscous oil with a slightly oily-sweet and occasionally peppery balsamic woody note. It finds use as a blender and fixative for soap fragrances. The volatile constituents, which are primarily hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes, are shown in Table 22 and Figure 5 (63). 

Bay Oil. Steam distillation of the leaves of the tree Pimenta racemosa (Mill) which is indigenous to certain islands of the West Indies, particularly Dominica and Puerto Rico, is called bay or bay leaf oil. The same source was used in the past to produce Bay Rum in which mm was distilled over the leaves. Bay oil [8006-78-8] is a yellowish to dark brown mobile Hquid with a fresh-spicy, sometimes medicinal odor with a lasting sweet-balsamic undertone. The oil finds extensive use in hair tonics, after-shave lotions as well as other men s-type fragrances. There is Htde or no use by the flavor industry. The range of components for a number of bay leaf oils is shown in Table 25 (66). 

Pimento Berry Oil. The pimento or allspice tree, Pimenta dioca L. (syn. P. officinalis, Liadl.), a native of the West Indies and Central America, yields two essential oils of commercial importance pimento berry oil and pimenta leaf oil. The leaf oil finds some use ia perfumery for its resemblance to clove leaf and cinnamon leaf oils as a result of its high content of eugenol. Pimento berry oil is an item of commerce with extensive appHcation by the flavor industry ia food products such as meat sauces, sausages, and pickles, and moderate use ia perfumery, where it is used primarily as a modifier ia the modem spicy types of men s fragrances. The oil is steam-distilled from dried, cmshed, fully grown but unripe fmits. It is a pale yellow Hquid with a warm-spicy, sweet odor with a fresh, clean topnote, a tenacious, sweet-balsamic-spicy body, and a tea-like undertone. A comparative analysis of the headspace volatiles of ripe pimento berries and a commercial oil has been performed and differences are shown ia Table 52 (95). 

Africa South America Pacific West Indies... 

Coffee was originally consumed as a food in ancient Abyssinia and was presumably first cultivated by the Arabians in about 575 AD (1). By the sixteenth century it had become a popular drink in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey. The name coffee is derived from the Turkish pronunciation, kahveh, of the Arabian word gahweh signifying an infusion of the bean. Coffee was introduced as a beverage in Europe early in the seventeenth century and its use spread quickly. In 1725, the first coffee plant in the western hemisphere was planted on Martinique, West Indies. Its cultivation expanded rapidly and its consumption soon gained wide acceptance. 

Lapacol [84-79-7] (Cl Natural Yellow 16 Cl 75490) (lapachic acid, taiguie acid, tecomin) is a yellow pigment occurring in the wood of trees of the genus Tecoma native to the West Indies and tropical South America. The shavings of the wood, treated with lime water, give an extract that dyes cotton yellow. 

Parsons loved travel and the sea. It was on a cruise to the West Indies that he died aboard ship on February 11, 1931, in Kingston Harbor, Jamaica. 

The elaterid Pyrophorus is of special importance in the history of bioluminescence, because it was used by Dubois in his first demonstration of the luciferin-luciferase reaction in 1885. The Jamaican click beetle (Pyrophorus noctilucus) is commonly found in the West Indies. The beetle possesses two kinds of luminous organs. A... 

The fireworm Odontosyllis is also common in the Turks and Caicos Islands and other places in the West Indies, in addition to Bermuda. 

Matthew RK (1968) Carbonate diagenesis Equihbration of sedimentary mineralogy to the subaerial environement coral cap of Barbados, West Indies. J Sed Petrol 38 1110-1119 McCulloch MT, Esat T (2000) The coral record of last interglacial sea levels and sea surface temperatures. ChemGeol 169 107-129... 

Sugar soon became the cornerstone of the infamous triangular trade. New England sailing ships picked up molasses, a by-product of sugar refining, from the West Indies. Then they took it to New England to make rum, sold the rum to slave traders in Africa, and transported slaves back to the... 

Giudici, C., Aumont, G., Mahieu, M., Saulai, and Cabaret, J. (1999). Changes in gastrointestinal helminth species diversity in lambs under mixed grazing on irrigated pastures in the tropics (French West Indies) . Veterinary Research, 30, 573-581. 

An obsolete term for natural rubber. The India is not the present-day India but derives from the West Indies since some of the first commercial rubber was obtained from there in the eighteenth century. 

It is normally found in the Caribbean, the South Pacific, Southeast Asia, the West Indies, India, and the Middle East. The natural reservoirs are humans, primates, and mosquitoes. Does not produce disease in animals. This is a biosafety level 2 (classical) or 3 (hemorrhagic) agent. Typically a fulminant, nonlethal disease however, it may progress to a hemorrhagic form. Stabile outside a host in dried blood and exudates for up to several days at room temperature. 

Durr, A., Smadja, D., Cancel, G. et al Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type I in Martinique (French West Indies). Clinical and neuropathological analysis of 53 patients from three unrelated SCA2 families. Brain 118 1573-1581,1995. 

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