In-line

Having gathered and evaluated relevant reservoir data it is desirable to present this data in a way that allows easy visualisation of the subsurface situation. With a workstation it is easy to create a three dimensional picture of the reservoir, displaying the distribution of a variety of parameters, e.g. reservoir thickness or saturations. All realisations need to be in line with the geological model. 

To ensure disposal water quality is in line with regulatory requirements (usually 40 ppm), the oil content in water is monitored by solvent extraction and infrared spectroscopy. The specification of 40 ppm refers to an oil in water content typically averaged over a one month period. 

Sand production from loosely consolidated formations may lead to erosion of tubulars and valves and sand-fill in of both the sump of the A/ell and surface separators. In addition, sand may bridge off in the tubing, severely restricting flow. The presence of sand production may be monitored by in-line detectors. If the quantities of sand produced become unacceptable then downhole sand exclusion should be considered (Section 9.7). 

It can be observed from the Figure 1 that the sensitivity of I.I. system is quite low at lower thicknesses and improves as the thicknesses increase. Further the sensitivity is low in case of as observed images compared to processed images. This can be attributed to the quantum fluctuations in the number of photons received and also to the electronic and screen noise. Integration of the images reduces this noise by a factor of N where N is the number of frames. Another observation of interest from the experiment was that if the orientation of the wires was horizontal there was a decrease in the observed sensitivity. It can be observed from the contrast response curves that the response for defect detection is better in magnified modes compared to normal mode of the II tube. Further, it can be observed that the vertical resolution is better compared to horizontal which is in line with prediction by the sensitivity curves. 

A more general classification considers the phase of the total electronic wave function [13]. We have treated the case of cyclic polyenes in detail [28,48,49] and showed that for Hiickel systems the ground state may be considered as the combination of two Kekule structures. If the number of electron pairs in the system is odd, the ground state is the in-phase combination, and the system is aromatic. If the number of electron pairs is even (as in cyclobutadiene, pentalene, etc.), the ground state is the out-of-phase combination, and the system is antiaromatic. These ideas are in line with previous work on specific systems [40,50]. 

Electi ocyclic reactions are examples of cases where ic-electiDn bonds transform to sigma ones [32,49,55]. A prototype is the cyclization of butadiene to cyclobutene (Fig. 8, lower panel). In this four electron system, phase inversion occurs if no new nodes are fomred along the reaction coordinate. Therefore, when the ring closure is disrotatory, the system is Hiickel type, and the reaction a phase-inverting one. If, however, the motion is conrotatory, a new node is formed along the reaction coordinate just as in the HCl + H system. The reaction is now Mdbius type, and phase preserving. This result, which is in line with the Woodward-Hoffmann rules and with Zimmerman s Mdbius-Huckel model [20], was obtained without consideration of nuclear symmetry. This conclusion was previously reached by Goddard [22,39]. 

In Program QWIEN (written in QBASIC, Appendix A), x is initialized at 1 and incremented by 0.1 in line 3, which is given the statement number 10 for future reference. Be careful to differentiate between a statement number like 10 x = x -E. 1 and the product 10 times r which is 10%. A number a is calculated for x= 1.1 that is obviously too small so (a — 1) is less than 0 and the IF statement in line 5 sends conhol back to the statement numbered 10, which increments a by 0.1 again. This continues until (a — 1) > 0, whereupon control exits from the loop and prints the result for a and a . 

To fill out Table 8-1, change the element symbols in the last line to Li, Be, or B and designate the charge and spin multiplicities as 1 1, 2 1, 3 1 in that order. In line 5, the first number is the single positive charge and the second number is the spin multiplicity, 1 for paired electronic spins and 2 for an unpaired election. A... 

A class of 20 students has access to only one copy of GAUSSIAN. Need they wait in line to write their input files on this one machine ... 

A mixture of an acid anhydride and a ketone is saturated with boron trifluoride this is followed by treatment with aqueous sodium acetate. The quantity of boron trifluoride absorbed usually amounts to 100 mol per cent, (based on total mola of ketone and anhydride). Catalytic amounts of the reagent do not give satisfactory results. This is in line with the observation that the p diketone is produced in the reaction mixture as the boron difluoride complex, some of which have been isolated. A reasonable mechanism of the reaction postulates the conversion of the anhydride into a carbonium ion, such as (I) the ketone into an enol type of complex, such as (II) followed by condensation of (I) and (II) to yield the boron difluoride complex of the p diketone (III) ... 

Funetions with higher 1-values and with sizes more in line with those of the lower-1 orbitals are also used to introduee additional angular eorrelation into the ealeulation by permitting polarized orbital pairs (see Chapter 10) involving higher angular eorrelations to be formed. Optimal polarization funetions for first and seeond row atoms have been tabulated (B. Roos and P. Siegbahn, Theoret. Chim. Aeta (Berl.) 17, 199 (1970) M. J. Friseh, J. A. Pople, and J. S. Binkley, J. Chem. Phys., 3265 (1984)). 

Tire importance of hydrophobic interactions in the aqueous acceleration is further demonstrated by a qualitative study described by Jenner on the effect of pressure on Diels-Alder reactions in water and a number of organic solvents. Invariably, the reactions in water were less accelerated by pressure than those in organic solvents, which is in line with the notion that pressure diminishes hydrophobic interactions. 

Surprisingly, the highest catalytic activity is observed in TFE. One mi t envisage this to be a result of the poor interaction between TFE and the copper(II) cation, so that the cation will retain most of its Lewis-acidity. In the other solvents the interaction between their electron-rich hetero atoms and the cation is likely to be stronger, thus diminishing the efficiency of the Lewis-acid catalysis. The observation that Cu(N03)2 is only poorly soluble in TFE and much better in the other solvents used, is in line with this reasoning. 

For ammonium surfactants there is evidence for the existence of an additional specific interaction between the headgroups of the surfactant and the aromatic solubilisate . This is in line with the observation that partition coefficients for benzene in CTAB solutions are much higher than those for... 

The Diels-Alder reaction provides us with a tool to probe its local reaction environment in the form of its endo-exo product ratio. Actually, even a solvent polarity parameter has been based on endo-exo ratios of Diels-Alder reactions of methyl acrylate with cyclopentadiene (see also section 1.2.3). Analogously we have determined the endo-exo ratio of the reaction between 5.1c and 5.2 in surfactant solution and in a mimber of different organic and acpieous media. These ratios are obtained from the H-NMR of the product mixtures, as has been described in Chapter 2. The results are summarised in Table 5.3, and clearly point towards a water-like environment for the Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of micelles, which is in line with literature observations. 

Olah and his co-workers compared the behaviour of nitronium salts in competitive nitrations with the behaviour of other nitrating systems. The results are given in table 4.1, columns (a)-(j), and also in table 4.2. The results obtained from competitive nitrations using solutions of nitric acid in organic solvents (table 4.1, columns (6)-(e)) are in line with those obtained by earlier workers. The evidence that in nitromethane,... 

Now as you can see, Dr. Quack is half nuts And his description of things and outcomes are right in line with what Someone-Who-ls-... 

If ever there was a reaction that was batch size independent then it has to be this one. A chemist can try to process 200, 500 or even 1000g of P2P using this version of Leuckart and never recover more than 100g no matter how careful she is. This procedure is more in line with those who wish to make steady reasonable supplies of X and should not be used to process more than 100g of P2P at a time. In fact, it shouldn t be used to make any drugs at ail. You see that would be illegal. 

When the values of the BET monolayer capacity calculated from Type III isotherms are compared with independent estimates (e.g. from nitrogen adsorption) considerable discrepancies are frequently found. A number of typical examples are collected in Table 5.1. Comparison of the value of the monolayer capacity predicted by the BET equation with the corresponding value determined independently (columns (iv) and (v)) show that occasionally, as in line 6, the two agree reasonably well, but that in the majority... 

Turbidimetry and nephelometry are two related techniques in which an incident source of radiation is elastically scattered by a suspension of colloidal particles. In turbidimetry, the detector is placed in line with the radiation source, and the... 

The Z-spray inlet/ionization source sends the ions on a different trajectory that resembles a flattened Z-shape (Figure 10.1b), hence the name Z-spray. The shape of the trajectory is controlled by the presence of a final skimmer set off to one side of the spray instead of being in-line. This configuration facilitates the transport of neutral species to the vacuum pumps, thus greatly reducing the buildup of deposits and blockages. 

For either the in-line or hybrid analyzers, the ions injected into the TOF section must all begin their flight down the TOF tube at the same instant if arrival times of ions at a detector are to be used to measure m/z values (see Chapter 26, TOF Ion Optics ). For the hybrid TOF instruments, the ion detector is usually a microchannel plate ion counter (see Chapter 30, Comparison of Multipoint Collectors (Detectors) of Ions Arrays and MicroChannel Plates ). 

Ions of different m/z values pass sequentially in time through the quadrupole mass filter to reach an in-line, single-point ion collector. 

The Z-trajectory ensures excellent separation of ions from neutral molecules at atmospheric pressure. In line-of-sight or conventional electrospray sources, the skimmer is soon blocked by ions and molecules sticking around the edges of the orifice. In Z-spray sources, the final skimmer, being set off to one side, is not subjected to this buildup of material. 

The Z-spray inlet/ion source is a particularly efficient adaptation of the normal in-line electrospray source and gets its name from the approximate shape of the trajectory taken by the ions between their formation and their entrance into the analyzer region of the mass spectrometer. A Z-spray source requires much less maintenance downtime for cleaning. 

TOF instmments can be operated as stand-alone mass spectrometers (in-line with an ion source), but they frequently are used in combination with other techniques to give hybrid instmments. In such... 

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