In-line system

There are several types of deposition chamber configurations (Fig. 2). The batch-type system is the most commonly used, but the requirement that the system be returned or let-up to ambient pressure on each cycle can pose problems in obtaining a reproducible processing environment. The load-lock system and the in-line system allows the deposition chamber to be kept under vacuum at all times and the substrates introduced and removed through... 

The in-line configuration consists of deposition chambers that are separated by isolation chambers [153]. The layer sequence of a solar cell structure prescribes the actual sequence of deposition chambers. The flexibility is much less than with a cluster configuration, and costs are generally much higher, but the throughput can also be much larger. In an in-line system the substrates can move while deposition takes place, which leads to very uniformly deposited layers, as uniformity of deposition is required only in one dimension (perpendicular to the moving direction). 

Measurement of trace metals, including nickel in seawater can be completed using an in-line system with stripping voltammetry or chronopotentiometry (van den Berg and Achterberg 1994). These methods provide rapid analysis (1-15 minutes) with little sample preparation. The detection limit of these methods for nickel was not stated. Recommended EPA methods for soil sediment, sludge, and solid waste are Methods 7520 (AAS) and 6010 (ICP-AES). Before the widespread use of AAS, colorimetric methods were employed, and a mrmber of colorimetric reagents have been used (Stoeppler 1980). 

Fig. 8.13. Spectral transmission of differently doped ZnO Al films. The films were prepared in an in-line system by reactive MF sputtering. The subscripts denote the aluminum concentration of the corresponding metallic targets in at. %. Deposition conditions and film properties are given in Table 8.2...

Typical pilot line sputtering systems are in-line systems with dynamic deposition where the substrate passes one or more targets. The substrates are additionally heated in some but not in all systems. The systems are partly derived from those sold otherwise for ITO-deposition in flat panel display... 

The use of radiation within a parenteral facility would have been considered unthinkable prior to the start of the twenty-first century. While y irradiation is typically a contracted service provided off-site, electron beam sterilization advances can make the installation of an in-house (and generally an in-line) system a real possibility. An in-line system would be utilized similarly to the gas/vapor systems described above for treatment of external surfaces for entry into either a clean room or isolator-based aseptic processing facility. The use of this same technology for terminal sterilization is also possible [1], Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI)/ISO 11137 provides widely accepted guidance on the development and validation of radiation sterilization processes. 

Canty Vision is an in-line system that uses lighted video images and a microprocessor-based image analysis system to visually verify particle size, length, width and distribution. The microprocessor can monitor up to eight applications, under process conditions, with a lower limit of 1 pm. 

There is a big drive for miniaturisation because of the many advantages it offers, such as shorter analysis times, better control, high throughput, reduction in chemicals and sample required, lower cost and remote monitoring applications. Some devices can be made so small that they can be integrated into larger instruments or incorporated into on-line or in-line systems or arrays. They can be transported easily and entirely new techniques and concepts are becoming available to analysts as the spatial dimensions are rednced. 

In an in-line system the sensor is built directly into the reactor. The advantage of such a system is the high speed of information provision which causes, that R —> 1. In-line methods have already found wide application (determination of pH, use of conductometry and fibre optic systems etc.). 

Zinc alloys are also produced at the zinc foimdry. The foundry is equipped with three 20 tonne induction furnaces, one 30 tonne furnace, one 12 toime furnace (for alloys), and three casting machines (in-line system) for 25 kg ingots (2) and blocks (1). 

With this type of in-line system, the hot plastic is reduced only to the desired heat of forming. All it may require is a fixed distance from the die... 

Direct-contact cooling may be with water or with brine. Water frequently is applied in spray columns, and most construction is in carbon steel. Brine, being contaminated and more corrosive, more often is used with packed columns and in lined systems. In any case, pressure drop is very important on the low-pressure side of a hydrogen system, in order to minimize the infiltration of air into subatmospheric zones. In this connection, sprays that are cocurrent with gas flow can actually increase the gas pressure. At least... 

As the analytical personnel become familiar with the in-line system, subsequent systems become almost trivial to install. Although it provides little comfort at the time, the knowledge that the first system will always be the worst is a comfort installation is complete. 

Filter holders made of different materials are conunercially available (e.g., polycarbonate system from Sartorius Swinnex polypropylene apparatus fi-om Millipore, or TFE-Teflon cylinders fi om various companies). An intercomparison study of the different filtration systems, used for the preparation of coastal seawater samples for the determination of dissolved trace elements, showed good agreement between the various systems. The filtrates from off-line systems did not exhibit marked differences when compared with filtrates from the in-line systems (Bewers et al.. 1985). 

Using the above discussed factors as the criteria for analysis, the processor can select either a separate or in-line system, whichever is most efficient for his needs. Each has its merits and each its limitations. A batch system may be considered more flexible since it need not be tied in with other in-line equipment, but, on the other hand, batch to batch variations, for whatever reason, may not be acceptable in the final product. A continuous system should give a consistent product, but to... 

Depending on the type of polymerization performed and the number of target criteria for the control of the process, one or multiple in-line systems may be installed to achieve the expected qualified product. An excellent example of monitoring online polymerization reactions by multiple detection was reported [8]. Mostly individual methodologies are described as follows sometimes, the reader will notice a combination of techniques used to obtain the data sought. 

E. Yadin, Y. Lipin, Principles of In-line System Designing for Protective and Decorative Coating , Society of Vacuum Coaters 43rd Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, Denver, April 15-20, 2000. 

Geiser L, Eeltink S, Svec F, Frechet JMJ (2008) In-line system containing porous polymer monoliths for protein digestion with immobilized pepsin, peptide preconcentration and nanoliquid chromatography separation coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 1188 88-96... 

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