Line in liquids

A novel technique for the accurate determination of tie-lines in liquid/solid two-phase fields was first used by Willemin et al. (1986) in the Ni-Al-Ta system. The technique relies on holding an alloy just below its liquidus and quenching. The centre of the dendrite is then the part that was in equilibrium with the liquid at the temperature of holding. Microprobe analysis is subsequently made across the primary dendrite arms and composition profiles determined. The composition at the centre of the dendrite is clearly located in the concentration profiles by either maxima, when > i " , or minima, when < a . This technique has also been used with good success in Ni-Al-Ti (Willemin and Durand-Charre 1990). 

As we have seen, NMR lines in liquids are usually very narrow, and resonance frequencies in the range of tens or hundreds of MHz, can be determined with an... 

Most lines in liquids arise from systems where there is interaction between nuclear spins, and are not Lorentzian in shape. Natural line shapes are closer to a Gaussian shape in the tails of the intensity distribution in liquids. The relationship between peak width at half height and T2 is still retained and gives values in agreement with more rigorous transient methods (Hahn, 1950). 

The energy required lo cause i change in rotational level is quite small amt corresponds to radiation of n UM) cm (A UMi pm). Because roiaiional levels arc quantized, absorption in gases in this far-IR region is characlen/ed b> discrete, well-dctinod lines. In liquids or solids, intramolecular collisions and interactions cause broadening of ihc lines into a continuum. 

As stated in Secs. 1-7 and 1-8, it is possible, by using group theory, to classify the normal vibration into various symmetry species. Experimentally, measurements of the infrared dichroism and polarization properties of Raman lines of an orientated ciystal provide valuable information about the symmetry of normal vibrations (Sec. 1-23). Here we consider the polarization properties of Raman lines in liquids and solutions in which molecules or ions take completely random orientations. ... 

Figure 1 depicts results of economic studies on the four vacuum type insulations. The data are for a 2 in. line in liquid hydrogen service. Costs are for the insulation only that is, the cost of the insulation material, the cost of applying it and the resultant evaporation cost. 

Shikhmurzaev Y. (1997) Moving contact lines in liquid/liquid/solid sysrcms. J Fluid MechlsIA-. 211-249. 

Q- Coesdstence line in liquid He — He mixtures deduced from osmotic pressure, Wansink [1957] i—i measurements by Waltbrs and Fairbank [1956] theoretical point (Prigogine, Bingen and Beixeuans [1954])... 

Black oils are a common category of reservoir fluids, and are similar to volatile oils in behaviour, except that they contain a lower fraction of volatile components and therefore require a much larger pressure drop below the bubble point before significant volumes of gas are released from solution. This is reflected by the position of the iso-vol lines in the phase diagram, where the lines of low liquid percentage are grouped around the dew point line. 

It must be remembered that, in general, the constants a and b of the van der Waals equation depend on volume and on temperature. Thus a number of variants are possible, and some of these and the corresponding adsorption isotherms are given in Table XVII-2. All of them lead to rather complex adsorption equations, but the general appearance of the family of isotherms from any one of them is as illustrated in Fig. XVII-11. The dotted line in the figure represents the presumed actual course of that particular isotherm and corresponds to a two-dimensional condensation from gas to liquid. Notice the general similarity to the plots of the Langmuir plus the lateral interaction equation shown in Fig. XVII-4. 

The principal dilTerence from liquid-state NMR is that the interactions which are averaged by molecular motion on the NMR timescale in liquids lead, because of their anisotropic nature, to much wider lines in solids. Extra infonnation is, in principle, available but is often masked by the lower resolution. Thus, many of the teclmiques developed for liquid-state NMR are not currently feasible in the solid state. Furthemiore, the increased linewidth and the methods used to achieve high resolution put more demands on the spectrometer. Nevertheless, the field of solid-state NMR is advancing rapidly, with a steady stream of new experiments forthcoming. 

As in crystals, defects in liquid crystals can be classified as point, line or wall defects. Dislocations are a feature of liquid crystal phases where tliere is translational order, since tliese are line defects in tliis lattice order. Unlike crystals, tliere is a type of line defect unique to liquid crystals tenned disclination [39]. A disclination is a discontinuity of orientation of tire director field. 

Of spectroscopic teclmiques, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been most widely used to measure orientational ordering in liquid crystals [M, 57 and ]. Most commonly, changes of line splittings in the spectra of... 

Figure 9.5a shows a portion of a cylindrical capillary of radius R and length 1. We measure the general distance from the center axis of the liquid in the capillary in terms of the variable r and consider specifically the cylindrical shell of thickness dr designated by the broken line in Fig. 9.5a. In general, gravitational, pressure, and viscous forces act on such a volume element, with the viscous forces depending on the velocity gradient in the liquid. Our first task, then, is to examine how the velocity of flow in a cylindrical shell such as this varies with the radius of the shell.

Blocked liquid Provide level switches for effluent collection effluent line result- vessels ing in flooding.. provide high level alarm in liquid effluent line Implement preventive maintenance checks ... 

In this equation, all of the terms except y +i and x but including x, are constant. Hence the relationship between and x is linear with a slope of L j(L + D) and a line representing the relationship on a graph of y vs jc must pass tlrrough y = jcd when x — jcd, since tire vapour and the liquid have the same composition in the product. This is called the rectifying operating line in a graphical representation of tire distillation process. 

Pressure Zero shift, air leaks in signal lines. Variable energy consumption under temperature control. Unpredictable transmitter output. Permanent zero shift. Excessive vibration from positive displacement equipment. Change in atmospheric pressure. Wet instrument air. Overpressure. Use independent transmitter mtg., flexible process connection lines. Use liquid filled gauge. Use absolute pressure transmitter. Mount local dryer. Use regulator with sump, slope air line away from transmitter. Install pressure snubber for spikes. 

The distribution of velocity components (radial, tangential and axial) under conditions of mixing with baffles in comparison with the conditions of vortex formation is presented in Figure 12. The dashed lines in Figure 12 indicate non-baffled conditions. Comparison of the non-baffled and fully baffled velocity curves (solid line) leads to the following set of conclusions on vortex suppression when dealing with perfectly miscible liquids ... 

Figure 7. Distribution of static pressure p j in liquid and p along the cake thickness and filter plate I, II -boundaries between the cake and sludge at x" and x III, IV-boundaries between cake layers or cake and filter plate at x" and x V- boundary line between the cake and filter plate or free surface of filter plate 1,3-curves Ps,=f(ho,) and p=f(h J at x 2, 4 -curves Ps,=f(hgj.) and P=f(hoc)...

---