In-line analyzers

In alternative energy processes, in most cases the goal is to eliminate all sampling systems and place the analyzer directly into the process. The "in-line" analyzer designs are widely available, and the various radiant energy and probe-type sensors operate without any sampling. 

ISO 6191 -81. Light olefins for industrial use - Determination of traces of water - Karl Fischer method. ISO 8917-88. Light olefins for industrial use - Determination of water - Guidelines for use of in-line analyzers. 

The in-line method seems to be the most straightforward in that the sensing device is embedded within the process such as is thecase with a thermocouple. The problem with in-line analyzers is that except for the most ru ed and reliable measurement devices, there can be problems when the analyzer fails. With an in-line analyzer the process typically must be shut down to calibrate, fix or change the analyzer. This may not be a major problem for batch processes whose cycle times are fairly short, but is a major problem for continuous processes, which are designed to operate for years without a shutdown. 

In-line analyzer with signal feed to metering pump... 

For either the in-line or hybrid analyzers, the ions injected into the TOF section must all begin their flight down the TOF tube at the same instant if arrival times of ions at a detector are to be used to measure m/z values (see Chapter 26, TOF Ion Optics ). For the hybrid TOF instruments, the ion detector is usually a microchannel plate ion counter (see Chapter 30, Comparison of Multipoint Collectors (Detectors) of Ions Arrays and MicroChannel Plates ). 

The Z-spray inlet/ion source is a particularly efficient adaptation of the normal in-line electrospray source and gets its name from the approximate shape of the trajectory taken by the ions between their formation and their entrance into the analyzer region of the mass spectrometer. A Z-spray source requires much less maintenance downtime for cleaning. 

All the ealeulations for every analytieal line use its own AC-10 virtual unified sample material eontaining 10% of ehemieal element analyzed. In praetiee, instead of AC-10 speeimen, one ean use eertified sample material named Benehmark Referenee Material (BRM). One must know eomplete ehemieal eontent of BRM. Having measured analytieal line intensity of the speeimen, one ean determine the intensity from AC-10 by eorreetion system. Anyone eertified sample material ean be used as BRM for a few elements. Quantitative eomposition of BRM does not depend on the range of varying ehemieal elements eontent in samples analyzed substantially faeilitating a seleetion and ehange of these BRM. 

The conclusions of Guirao et al. (1979) were fully in line with an earlier paper by Fishbum (1976). Fishbum (1976) analyzed the effectiveness of blast generation for several different designs for a fuel-air explosion ... 

Ideally, this information should be made available in the form of easy-to-use nomographs or empirical equations which can be quickly and rapidly solved on a programmable desk calculator. New instrumentation which can be used on an in-line basis to analyze process streams for the concentrations of plutonium in different oxidation states is also needed. 

Equation (8.4) defines the average concentration, Ugut, of material flowing from the reactor. Omit the V ir) term inside the integral and normalize by the cross-sectional area, Ac = ttR, rather than the volumetric flow rate, Q. The result is the spatial average concentration a patiai, and is what you would measure if the contents of the tube were frozen and a small disk of the material was cut out and analyzed. In-line devices for measuring concentration may measure a panai rather than Uout- Is the difference important ... 

Processing in the micro reactor was analyzed by a CCD camera with a long working distance magnifying lens [22]. Visible spectrometry was applied for in-line sensing. The change in product concentration was determined at 450 nm. The light was collected via an optical fiber and sent to the spectrometer. 

There are commercially available in-line or on-line viscometer devices. In-line devices are installed directly in the process while on-line devices are used to analyze a side stream of the process. Most devices are based on measuring the pressure drop and flow rate through a capillary. The viscosity is either determined at a single shear rate or, at most, a few shear rates. Complex fluids, on the other hand, exhibit a viscosity that cannot be so easily characterized. In order to capture enough information that allows, for example, a molecular weight distribution to be inferred, it is necessary to determine the shear viscosity over reasonably wide ranges of shear rates. 

On-line analyzers Add appropriate on-line analyzers to (1) monitor the status of the process, (2) detect problems at the incipient stage, and (3) take appropriate action to minimize effects of problems while still in initial phase of development. 

A schematic diagram of the cation flow method for generating N-acyliminium ion 2 is shown in Fig. 5. A solution of carbamate 1 is introduced into the anodic compartment of electrochemical microflow cell, where oxidation takes place on the surface of a carbon fiber electrode. A solution of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) was introduced in the cathodic compartment, where protons are reduced to generate dihydrogen on the surface of a platinum electrode. A-Acyliminium ion 2 thus generated can be analyzed by an in-line FT-IR analyzer to evaluate the concentration of the cation. The solution of the cation is then allowed to react with a nucleophile such as allyltrimethylsilane in the flow system to obtain the desired product 3. 

Process engineering Process engineer In-line/On-line analyzer integration Process understanding (IPOs, P and IDs, etc.) Facilitate risk assessments Process understanding Process Instrument integration... 

Photometers are relatively simple devices that make use of a light source and one or more filters to present a narrow band of wavelengths to a sample and then to a photodetector. One, two, or even three wavelength analyses are possible with these devices. In addition, photometers are designed for location on-line, with samples generally plumbed into a sample cavity in the analyzer. 

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