In-line engines

Apart from the rotary engines described above, piston engines can all be classified as radial or in-line. In-line engines may have either one bank of cylinders, horizontal or vertical, or they may have two or more banks in various arrangements, Fig. 11.2. 

Fig. 11.2 Continental 6-cylinder in-line engine (courtesy of Teledyne Continental Motors)...

The excellent properties of these fluoroelastomers come with a high price tag. Kalrez, for example, is extremely expensive ( 33—44/kg). These materials are used in automotive appHcations (seals, gaskets, fuel hose lines, engine parts, etc), where they can withstand under-hood temperatures. They are also used in equipment for oil and gas production and chemical processing. U.S. consumption in 1988 was 3100 t (76). 

Fitting Simple Functions. In many engineering appHcations there may be no apparent theoretical basis for the relationship of two variables or the relationship may be too complex to apply. Thus the search for a correlating equation form may at first be along empirical lines. A simple plot of the data in ordinary Cartesian coordinates gives an immediate indication of the essential form of the data. 

The large, heavy-duty, integral engine-compressor has long been the workhorse of the gas compression industry. The in-line or V-shaped power cylinder, horizontal compressor cylinder configuration is lamitiar. 

Figure 4-78. Tubular in-line pressure filter with reusable elements. The flow unfiltered liquid enters the inlet port, flows upward, around, and through the media, which is a stainless steel or fabric screen reinforced by a perforated stainless steel backing. Filtered liquid disch lrges through the outlet (top) port. Because of outside-to-lnside flow path, solids collect on the outside of the element so screens are easy to clean. By permission, Ronningen-Petter Engineered Filter Systems, Bulletin RP-2.

An in-line type engine has all cylinders aligned and on one side of the crankshaft (see Figure 3-1). These engines are found in sizes from 4 pistons (or cylinders) to as many as 16. 

Spray-aluminised coatings are used for exhaust valves in automobile engines, exhaust and silencer systems (double and triple life), tyre moulds, gas ducting, heat-treatment pots, furnace ladles, carburising boxes and fans handling hot gases. Similar applications utilise Calorised and hot-dip aluminised coatings. Hot-dip aluminised steel wire has been used in steel-cored aluminium conductors for overhead transmission lines. For some... 

Between 1938 and 1958, the chemical and petrochemical industry could do nothing wrong. These were years of rapid expansion when the demand quickly exceeded the supply. The philosophy of the era was to build a plant that the engineer was sure would run at the design capacity. If it ran at 20,30, or even 50% over the nominal capacity this was a feather in the superintendent s cap. There were proud boasts of a plant running at 180% of capacity. Anybody who could produce this was obviously in line for a vice-presidency. He was a manager s manager. 

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