In-Line Coating

For this application, a rough and well-defined surface morphology is necessary. It is achieved by post-deposition wet-chemical etching (see [113] and Chaps. 6 and 8). The film thickness to be deposited is in the order of 1,000 nm and about 300 nm of layer thickness is removed by the wet-chemical etching procedure. 

A crucial parameter for the productivity of an in-line sputtering system is the cycle time, with the deposition rate of the magnetron sputter process being an important parameter. The film thickness d [nm] at a given substrate transport speed vc [rnrnin can be calculated from the dynamic deposition rate ad[nmmmin 1] which is the film thickness when the substrate speed is lmmin-1. The dynamic rate can be derived from the static rate as [nmmin-1] on assuming the width b [m] of the coating zone. 

The deposition of ZnO coatings by in-line sputtering is basically a multilayer approach since the film grows under strongly varying conditions. The analysis of static deposition experiments in terms of particle flux and film property distribution is, therefore, helpful to understand and hence to improve the deposition process. 

Furthermore, the inhomogeneity due to the particle damage depends also on the erosion of the target used. This is shown in Fig. 5.24, where experiments with old and new targets have been compared [117,118]. The new 

The resistivity profile observed is shown in Fig. 5.26. The well-known inhomogeneity is observed when the centeral gas inlet is used. Using the outer gas inlet to introduce some of the oxygen improves the resistivity considerably. Almost no damage due to energetic particles can be observed. 

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Melt Extrusion. By far the most important method for producing film and sheeting materials reties on one or another of the various melt extmsion techniques (5). The main variations of melt extmsion are the slot (or flat) die-cast film process, the blown films process, and the flat die sheeting-stack process. These may be combined with one or more steps such as coextmsion wherein multilayer film or sheet is formed, biaxial orientation, and in-line coating (6). 

Photopolymerization and photocrosslinking processes have been in use for many years in the electronics industry, for example in the making of printed circuit boards and in the fixation of color dots in TV tubes. More recent applications of light-induced chain crosslinking polymerization processes are the replication of optical discs (1,2) of aspherical lenses (3,4) and the in-line coating of optical fibers (5,6). 

Figure 78 Schematic diagram for a continuous in-line coating plant (Photo by courtesy of Leybold Limited)...

Stripes may be appHed to wire coated with ETEE fluoropolymer over DuLite 817-5002 fluoropolymer clear enamel or other bases. Thermally stable pigments are required. Stripes may be appHed by gravure-wheel-type appHcators and oven-cured in-line. 

The adhesive strip on the outside of sanitary napkins is conventionally applied by hot melt transfer coating in-line with the production of the napkin itself. The adhesive in this application performs a function in the product beyond just holding the parts together. Thus, the requirements are more numerous ... 

Epoxy phenolic coatings These materials are also cured at relatively high temperatures and are made by the reaction of the epoxy resin with the phenolic resin. They are slightly less critical in application requirements, are less sensitive to curing conditions and can be applied in thicker coats. The best use for both these materials is as tank linings used for the storage or food products, drinks, etc. or for process plant, evaporators, etc. that contain boiling water. 

The Spencer blower in this example provides air to a drying process in a metal-coating line. Its configuration includes an end-suction inlet that is in-line with the shaft and a horizontal discharge that is perpendicular to the shaft. In this particular example, the source of the shaft deflection observed in the mode plot is aerodynamic instability. 

The most commonly observed effect of current flow is the development of alkaline conditions at the cathode. On bare metal this alkaline zone may exist only at the metal surface and may often reach pH values of 10 to 12. When the soil solution contains appreciable calcium or magnesium these cations usually form a layer of carbonate or hydroxide at the cathodic area. On coated lines the cations usually move to holidays or breaks in the coating. On failing asphalt or asphalt mastic type coatings, masses of precipitated calcium and magnesium often form nodules or tubercles several centimetres in diameter. 

We assume that the current enters the pipeline from the soil side through defects in the coating and returns to the power source via the line and one of the drain points, as shown in Fig. 10.12. If the total current in the pipeline at a point a distance x from a drain point is /, then the change in current per unit length at x is the current entering at x ... 

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