In-line coagulation

Cuigui C., Rouch J.C., Durand-Bcurlier L., Bonnelye V., and Aptel P., Impact of coagulation conditions on the in-line coagulation/UF process for drinking water production. Desalination 147 2002 95-100. 

J. C. Schippers, A. Kostense, J. Verdouw, and H. C. Folmer, Colloid Removal by In-line Coagulation, Proc. of K. VIV Int. Symp. on Water Filtration, Antwerp, April 1982, Paper 4.57-64. 

In-line coagulation may be used to reduce colloidal membrane fouling. In this technique, coagulant aids such as alum, ferric chloride and/or a polyelectrolyte are added to the feed stream prior to filtration. It is necessary to conduct on-site jar tests in order to determine which coagulant aid is effective and what is the proper dose for that coagulant aid. 

Side>stream filtration possibly with in-line coagulation... 

Side-stream filtration with in-line coagulation on filters is advantageous. 

Doyen (2003) observed that due to in-line coagulation, the influences of membrane polymer nature and structure disappeared, cleaning could be postponed and cleaning aggressiveness could be lowered. In addition, water recovery and flux rate could be increased, and the influence of seasonal water quality variations were easier to control. 

Shomey HL, Vernon WA, Clune J et al (2001) Performance of MFAJF membranes with in-line ferric-salt coagulation for removal of arsenic from a southwest surface water. In Proceedings of the 2001 AWWA membrane technology conference, San Antonio, TX Fabris R, Lee EK, Chow CWK et al (2007) Pre-treatment to reduce fouling of low pressure micro-flltration (MF) membranes. J Memb Sci 289 231-240... 

PCCs contain the vitamin K-dependent factors II, VII, IX, and X. These agents represent another attempt to bypass the factor at which the antibody is directed (see Fig. 64-2). However, PCCs carry the risk of serious thrombotic complications. Porcine factor VIII is most useful when the inhibitor titer is less than 50 BU (see Fig. 64-2 for dose and frequency). Owing to its similarity to human factor VIII, porcine factor VIII participates in the coagulation cascade. However, most inhibitors have very weak neutralizing activity against it. Porcine factor VIII is a third-line agent (only after factor Vila and a PCC have failed) owing to a 15% incidence of cross-reactivity.15... 

Degumming. Crude coconut oil is continuously heated to 80-90°C, and 85% phosphoric acid at a range of 0.05-0.10% by volume of feedstock is dispersed in the oil via an in-line static mixer. The mixture is conveyed into a coagulation tank and agitated for 20-30 min. 

Various types of mixers can be used in-line blenders, baffled continuous stined tanks with propellor iuqrellers, tanks with air spargers (pneumatic coagulators) and baffled tanks with flat blade slatted paddle mixers have all been used. The latter is commonly foimd in the water treatment industry and Peavy et al [1985] give some design rules for this version. 

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