In-line injection

Standard in-line fuel injection pumps are driven by a camshaft following the speed of the engine. For 2-cycle engines, the camshaft speed is identical to the crankshaft rpm. For 4-cycle engines, the camshaft speed is one-half of the crankshaft rpm. The in-line injection pump parts, such as the camshaft and tappets, are lubricated by the engine oil. 

For laboratory usage, normally a 0.5% stock solution is prepared and should be discarded after one week due to the reduction in polymer activities. Further dilution to 0.05% is necessary before adding to the slurry. The shelf-hfe for the 0.05% solution is about 1 to 2 days, so fresh samples need to be prepared daily. For plant applications, a polymer solution of 0.5% should be prepared in the storage tank and added to the slurry in a mixing tank or by in-line injection with sufficient mixing. 

Cracking of preheated ethylene dichloride, at between 450 and 550°C. at 13.10 Pa absolute, followed by quenching, first indirectly for the production of steam, and then directly by the in-line injection of cold product, and then by the separation by distillation of the hydrochloric arid co-produced, which is recycled to the acetylene hydrochlorination stage. 

Pre-blending infers that the latex and asphalt have been mixed at a central location using a batch process as discussed above. In-line injection (also known as pump-in) implies that the latex and asphalt are blended immediately before being applied to the aggregate at the hot-mix plant. This process eliminates potential separation of... 

Fig. 12-7 Photomicrograph demonstrating the presence of polymer networks in the asphalt prepared by the in-line injection (pump-in) process.

For either the in-line or hybrid analyzers, the ions injected into the TOF section must all begin their flight down the TOF tube at the same instant if arrival times of ions at a detector are to be used to measure m/z values (see Chapter 26, TOF Ion Optics ). For the hybrid TOF instruments, the ion detector is usually a microchannel plate ion counter (see Chapter 30, Comparison of Multipoint Collectors (Detectors) of Ions Arrays and MicroChannel Plates ). 

Framing. The framed bar process is by far the oldest and the most straightforward process utilized in the production of bar soaps. The wet base soap is pumped into a heated, agitated vessel commonly referred to as a cmtcher. The minor ingredients used in soap bars such as fragrance or preservative are added to the wet soap in the cmtcher or injected in-line after reduction of product stream temperature. The hot mixture is then pumped into molds and allowed to cool. 

Enzyme immunosensors are used in flow injection systems and Hquid chromatography to provide automated on-line analyses (71—73). These systems are capable of continuously executing the steps involved in the immunoassays, including the binding reactions, washing, and the enzyme reaction, in about 10 minutes. 

Air and natural gas are often used as a drilling fluid with no additives placed in the injected stream of compressed fluid. This type of drilling is also often referred to as dusting because great dust clouds are created around the drill rig when no formation water was present. However, modern air and gas drilling operations utilize a spray at the end of the blooey line to control the dust ejected from the well. Figure 4-185 shows a typical site plan for air drilling operations. 

This can he done in several ways, depending on the method of adding the moisture and final dry hulh control (see Figure 24.12). If hy steam injection, the air can he pre-heated to just helow 30°C and the steam blown in (line ABC). To give better control of the final temperature, the steam may be blown in at a lower condition, with final re-heat to get to the right point (line ADEC). 

Sample components adsorb in the injection port, in the transfer line, or on the column. 

In a recent study of the transport of coarse solids in a horizontal pipeline of 38 mrrt diameter, pressure drop, as a function not only of mixture velocity (determined by an electromagnetic flowmeter) but also of in-line concentration of solids and liquid velocity. The solids concentration was determined using a y-ray absorption technique, which depends on the difference in the attenuation of y-rays by solid and liquid. The liquid velocity was determined by a sail injection method,1"1 in which a pulse of salt solution was injected into the flowing mixture, and the time taken for the pulse to travel between two electrode pairs a fixed distance apart was measured, It was then possible, using equation 5.17, to calculate the relative velocity of the liquid to the solids. This relative velocity was found to increase with particle size and to be of the same order as the terminal falling velocity of the particles in the liquid. 

In the loop interface the fluid from the extraction cell passes continuously through an injection loop and into a collection vessel. Injection of a predetermined fraction of the extract onto a packed column is made by switching the loop so that it is in-line with the flow of fluid to the analytical... 

The 1/16" x 0.02" i.d. transfer line also functioned as a sample dilution device in other applications, a stainless steel column packed with glass beads has been found to be useful for dilution. This simple dynamic dilution technique has been used extensively in flow injection analysis.3 A refractive index detector is typically used to measure the sample transfer time. As shown in Figure 4, approximately 5 minutes is required to transfer the sample plug to the Rheodyne valve. As the apex of the sample band passes though the Rheodyne valve, the valve is activated and 1 pi injected onto the liquid chromatographic column. The sample transfer time was checked periodically over 1 year of operation and found to be stable. 

Garn, M. B., Gisin, M., Gross, H., King, P., Schmidt, W. and Thommen, C., Extensive flow-injection dilution for in-line sample pre-treatment, Anal. Chim. Acta, 207, 225, 1988. 

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