In-line monitoring

It is well known that the mechanical properties of polymer blends are determined by their composition, domain size, and domain size distribution. The ability to monitor and control the morphology of immiscible polymer blends is very important. For example, Epstein and Carhart [56] used a Newtonian model for emulsions and derived relationships for the attenuation as a function of blend composition, domain size, R, and frequency,/ A longitudinal wave propagating in the matrix approaching an interface with a domain of the second fluid will give rise to reflected, transmitted shear and thermal waves, while excess attenuation can be determined as a linear function of the composition. A similar approach was also described elsewhere [57]. 

Ultrasonic devices can also be used very effectively as powerful tools for inline monitoring of the composition of polymer blends, residence time distribution, injection-molding processes, temperature, polymer orientation, and flow instabilities. Franca et al. [59] demonstrated the sensitivity of ultrasonic waves 

---

Newer techniques that are responding to the need for atomic level imaging and chemical analysis include scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs), atomic force microscopes (AFMs) (52), and focused ion beams (FIBs). These are expected to quickly pass from laboratory-scale use to in-line monitoring apphcations for 200-mm wafers (32). 

Beverages. The quahty control for carbonated beverages encompasses all aspects of the product from actual chemical components to the physical condition of the container. The beverage is evaluated using laboratory tests as well as in-line monitors. 

The Dushman reaction was chosen for its changes in UV-visible properties to demonstrate the capability of such in-line monitoring in a micro reactor [22],... 

A variety of optical systems have been described which use optical fibres to perform remote Raman spectroscopic analyses. These are of particular value when the sample has to be observed under hostile or hazardous environmental conditions, such as the in-line monitoring of chemical production. The collection radius of such fibre-optic probes is of the order 100 pm. 

H. Wikstrom, l.R. Lewis and L.S. Taylor, Comparison of sampling techniques for in-line monitoring using Raman... 

T.R.M. De Beer, W.R.G. Baeyens, J. Ouyang, C. Vervaet and J.R Remon, Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical technology tool for the understanding and the quantitative in-line monitoring of the homogenization process of a pharmaceutical suspension. Analyst, 131, 1137-1144 (2006). 

I. Alig, D. Fischer, D. Lellinger and B. Steinhoff, Combination of NIR, Raman, ultrasonic and dielectric spectroscopy for in-line monitoring of the extrusion process, Macromol. Symp., 230, 51-58 (2005). 

J. Aaltonen, K. Kogermann, C.J. Strachan and J. Rantanen, In-line monitoring of solid-state transitions during fluidisation, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62, 408 15 (2006). 

H. Wikstrom, P.J. Marsac and L.S. Taylor, In-line monitoring of hydrate formation during wet granulation using Raman spectroscopy, J. Pharm. Sci., 94(1), 209-219 (2005). 

R.L. Green, G. Thurau, N.C. Pixley, A. Mateos, R.A. Reed and J.P. Higgins, In-line monitoring of moisture content in fluid bed dryers using near-IR spectroscopy with consideration of sampling effects on method accuracy. Anal. Chem., 77(40), 4515 522 (2005). 

C. Buschmilller, W. Wiedey, C. Doscher, J. Dressier and J. Breitkreutz, In-line monitoring of granule moisture in fluidized-bed dryers using microwave resonance technology, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 69, 380-387 (2008). 

Table 15.5 In-line monitoring results for polyester process...

H.L. McPeters and S.O. Williams, In-line monitoring of polymer processes by near-infrared spectroscopy, Process Contr. Qual, 3, 75-83 (1992). 

A.M. Brearley and R.T. Hernandez, In-line monitoring of polymer melt composition oral presentation at the Eastern Analytical Symposium, Somerset, NJ, 2 November 2000. 

The simulated test atmosphere with high levels of contaminant (2 to 5ppm) were analyzed by both the in-line GC (in the primary dilution module) and by direct injection of air taken from the sampling port (in the secondary dilution module). The purpose of the latter was to establish the reliability of the in-line GC. The in-line monitor was particularly important in test atmosphere with low contaminant concentration because in this case, direct injection of the air is not feasible. Table I compares the results obtained by the in-line GC and direct air injection for ethylene oxide and acetone. 

It is essential for soft drinks companies to assess their products on a batch-to-batch basis to ensure that there have not been errors in the syrup formulation, for example. This is possible with HPLC systems that can be used near to the production line and now require less-skilled staff to operate them than was the case 10 years ago. In the future it may be possible to use in-line monitoring of the product using infrared or near-infrared spectroscopy to ensure proper product formulation. In fact, FOSS offers a system at present that can determine a... 

Figure 9.9 Principle component analysis plot of PC2 vs. PC3 during the drying process of Ml wetcake by NIRS in-line monitoring. Reprinted with permission from Zhou etal. (2003).59...

McPeters, H. Lee Williams, Stewart O. In-line Monitoring of Polymer Processes by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Process Contr. Qual. 1992, 3, 75-83. 

O. Bemtsson, L.G. Danielsson, B. Lagerholm, S. Folestad, Quantitative in-line monitoring of powder blending by near infrared reflection spectroscopy, Powder Technol. 123 (2002) 185—193. 

Dumitrescu OR, Baker DC, Foster GM, Evans KE. Near infrared spectroscopy for in-line monitoring during injection molding. Polymer Testing 2005, 24, 367-375. 

The column system was connected to an in-line monitoring arrangement. Table IV presents the detectors used for in-line monitoring. Eluate curves were drawn on the recorders. An eluate curve of separated Am and Cm based on Ge(Li) detector is shown in Fig. 4. With this in-line monitoring arrangement, pure products of Am and Cm were collected. 

Film thickness measurement Film thickness is measured after polishing, and the polishing data are then fed back to the next polishing. This is called an in-line monitoring. It is often used in ILD CMP. 

Particle Sizing Systems (PSS) is a designer and manufacturer of particle sizing instruments that are used for research and development, USP quality assurance, contamination and in-line monitoring. 

Any new developments by equipment manufacturers in vegetable oil refining are transferable to rendered fat processing. In-line monitoring of the free fatty acid (FFA) content with automatic addition of the caustic solution followed by mixing and separation by centrifuge has improved refining yields. Some processors have... 

---