In-line plating

In the early 1960s and 1970s, the in-line plate-and-frame module was the only available microfiltration module. These units contained between 1 and 20 separate membrane envelopes sealed by gaskets. In most operations all the membrane envelopes were changed after each use the labor involved in disassembly and reassembly of the module was a significant drawback. Nonetheless these systems are still widely used to process small volumes of solution. A typical plate-and-frame filtration system is shown in Figure 7.10. 

For either the in-line or hybrid analyzers, the ions injected into the TOF section must all begin their flight down the TOF tube at the same instant if arrival times of ions at a detector are to be used to measure m/z values (see Chapter 26, TOF Ion Optics ). For the hybrid TOF instruments, the ion detector is usually a microchannel plate ion counter (see Chapter 30, Comparison of Multipoint Collectors (Detectors) of Ions Arrays and MicroChannel Plates ). 

Fig. 4. Pipe or tubing die for in-line extmsion A, die body B, mandrel, pin, and male die part C, die, die bushing, and female part D, die-retaining ring E, die-retaining bolt F, die-centered bolt G, spider leg H, air hole I, seat for breaker plate J, ring for attachment to extmder and K, die land (15).

In duidized-bed roasters (19), the concentrate is suspended in an upward-moving air stream. The vessel is a refractory-lined steel shell with air entering through holes in a refractory-lined plate at the base. The sulfur dioxide concentration of the exit gas is 10—15%. 

Another style tries to place process tanks such that those most sensitive to drippage problems and cross-contamination are placed in parts of the in-line layout where they would be least troublesome. The transport system is then programmed to take the work in a nonsequential order, skipping over stations and backtracking in order to complete the plating cycle. The carrying of work over other bars tends to leave salt buildup on the superstmcture of the work bars, and potential contamination of any and all tanks in the line depending on which station the salt buildup eventually drops into. 

Slug flow must be avoided in all two-phase applications. The designer must be alert for two-phase flow developing in a system. In one case, absorber liquid going to a lower pressure stripper produced a two-phase mixture. The absorber stream entered the stripper in a line that was elled down onto the stripper tray. The two-phase mixture beat out a section of trays. A /4-in. protection plate was provided and this had a hole cut in it in two years. 

Some flame arrester designs allow in-place inspection (via a removable honsing cover plate) however, others have to be removed from the vent nozzle or in-line piping to inspect the flame arrester element. 

The three-dimensional shape or structure of a polymer is dependent on the shape and type of monomer and the ways the monomers are hnked together. A linear polymer is one in which the monomers are connected in a chainlike manner. Although called linear, such polymers should not be thought of as straight lines. They form random coils as seen in a plate of spaghetti. 

This study shows that in case of a major deviation corresponding to the stop of both the utility and the reactant lines, part of the energy released by the reaction would be immediately dissipated in the plates closer to the reaction mixture. 

Linking TLC with a tandem instrument differs from combining GC or LC with an appropriate spectrometer. Hyphenation of planar chromatographic techniques represents a niche application compared to HPLC-based methods. Due to the nature of the development process in TLC, the combination is often considered as an off-line in situ procedure rather than a truly hyphenated system. True in-line TLC tandem systems are not actually possible, as the TLC separation must be developed before the spots can be monitored. It follows that all TLC tandem instruments operate as either fraction collectors or off-line monitoring devices. Various elaborate plate extraction procedures have been developed. In all cases, TLC serves as a cleanup method. 

Two 4 1 cylindrical glass(QVF) vessels with stainless steel end plates, serve as reservoirs(Figure 1) for surfactant solution(B) and water(9). Facility is available to evacuate these vessels as required by means of a rotary vacuum pump with glass cold trap in line to minimise water vapour. Another pipeline permits supply of pure nitrogen, or other gas, at low pressure, to the vessels, to provide a blanket, as desired. Proper operation and safety from over pressure is ensured by a pressure relief valve(10 in Figure 1) and the pressure gauge(P in Figure 1). 

Instead of a microscope slide, you usually use a 12 X 12-in. glass plate and coat it with a thick layer of adsorbant (0.5-2.0 mm). Years ago, I used a small paintbrush to put a line (a streak rather than a spot) across the plate near the bottom. Now you can get special plate streakers that give a finer line and less spreading. You put the plate in a large developing chamber and develop and visualize the plate as usual. 

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