Drosophila

Luthi P O, Preiss A, Chopard B and Ramsden J J 1998 A oellular automaton model for neurogenesis Drosophila Physica D 118 151 -60... 

Fig. 2. Electropherogram of real sample (homogenize of Drosophila flies heads). Electrolyte solution 7 mM sodium tetraborate, pH 8.14...

Homeoboxes code for homeodomains, sequences of 60 amino acids that function as the DNA-binding regions of transcription factors. Each homeo-box gene in Drosophila is expressed only in its own characteristic subset of embryonic cells, and almost every embryonic cell contains a unique combination of homeodomain proteins. 

Figure 9.11 Amino acid sequences of homeodomains from four differenf franscription factors Anfp is from fhe Antennapedia gene in the fruitfly Drosophila, a2 is from the yeast Mat o2 gene, eng is from fhe engrailed gene in Drosophila and POU is from fhe POU homeodomain in the mammalian gene Oct-1. Residues colored green form the hydrophobic core of the homeodomain, blue form nonspecific interactions with the DNA backbone and red form contacts with the edges of the DNA bases.

TK or HPRT forward mutation assays in cultured mammalian ceils Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal assay... 

Assay for mitotic recombination in yeast and Drosophila Assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes and rodents... 

FIGURE 12.28 Electron micrograph of Drosophila melanogaster chromatin after swelling reveals the presence of nncleosomes as beads on a string. (Electron micrograph courtesy of Oscar L. Miller, Jr, of the University of Virginia)... 

Several nonconventional cadherins that contain cadherin repeats have been described but they have specific features not found in the classical cadherins [1]. The cadherin Flamingo, originally detected in Drosophila, contains seven transmembrane segments and in this respect resembles G protein-coupled receptors. The extracellular domain of Flamingo and its mammalian homologs is composed of cadherin repeats as well as EGF-like and laminin motifs. The seven transmembrane span cadherins have a role in homotypic cell interactions and in the establishment of cell polarity. The FAT-related cadherins are characterized by a large number of cadherin repeats (34 in FAT and 27 in dachsous). Their cytoplasmic domains can bind to catenins. T- (=truncated-)cadherin differs from other cadherins in that it has no transmembrane domain but is attached to the cell membrane via a glycosylpho-sphatidylinositol anchor. 

In Drosophila, Fat functions as a tumor suppressor gene and dachsous is involved in thorax, leg, and wing development. Several human and mouse homologs have been identified. FAT1 regulates actin filaments, and the Fail knockout leads to defects in glomerular slit formation [3]. 

In the biosciences, a database is a curated repository of raw data containing annotations, further analysis, and links to other databases. Examples of databases are the SWISSPROT database for annotated protein sequences or the FlyBase database of genetic and molecular data for Drosophila melanogaster. 

Frizzled (Fz) proteins comprise a family of seven-pass transmembrane receptors with a cysteine-rich extracellular domain. As a class, Fz proteins are structurally related to the superfamily ofheterotrimeric G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Diere are 4 Fz genes in Drosophila and 10 in humans, with close orthologs... 

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is the generic term for a family of dimeric eukaryotic transcription factors, composed of members of the Rel family of DNA-binding proteins including the mammalian proteins RelA (or p65), cRel, RelB, p50 and p52, and the Drosophila proteins Dorsal, Dif and Relish. These proteins bind with different affinities to a consensus DNA sequence motif (called the kB site) consisting of the sequence 5 -GGGRNNYYCC-3 in which R is a purine, Y is a pyrimidine, and N is any base. 

Post synaptic density protein/Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor/zonula occuldens-1 protein... 

The Rel homology domain (RHD) is an evolutionarily conserved domain found in some eukaryotic transcription factors, including NF-kB, the nuclear factors of activated T-cells (NFATs) and the drosophila proteins Dif and Relish. Some of these transcription factors form... 

Shaker-channels, eag (ether- -go-go)-channels, slo (slow-poke)-channels were cloned from behavioral Drosophila melanogaster mutants. The channels were named according to the Drosophila mutant phenotype, Shaker, ether-go-go, slow-poke. Subsequently, eag-cDNA was used to clone related voltage-gated potassium channel subunits erg (eag-related) and elk (eag-like). The human erg ortholog (HERG) mediates cardiac DCS. 

Studies in yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizo-saccharomyces pombe), slime mould (,Dictyostelium discoideum), worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and mammalian systems have all contributed to our understanding of TOR signalling. 

There are 7 related Wnt genes in Drosophila and 19 in humans that generally have close orthologs in mice (Fig. 1). Orthologous Wnt gene-products are often very highly conserved between species. 

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