Drosophila adult

Lemaitre, B., et al., The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults, Cell. 86, 6, 973, 1996. 

Although circadian oscillators are found in many tissues, only two rhythmic outputs have been identified in Drosophila adults. The most extensively studied rhythmic output is locomotor activity. A group of 4—5 sLN s in each hemisphere of the brain is both necessary and sufficient to drive robust activity rhythms (Frisch et al 1994, Renn et al 1999). The other rhythmic output is in olfactory responses, which are measured using an assay of odour-induced... 

Expression of the period clock gene within different cell types in the brain of Drosophila adults and mosaic analysis of these cells influence on circadian behavioral rhythms. J. Neurosci. 12 3321-49. 

This preparation comprises three steps pellet mitochondria purify mitochondria purify mtDNA on CsCl gradient. See at the end of the protocol the simplified possibilities. This protocol is described for Drosophila (adult flies) but is also convenient for other stages, other tissues or other materials. Reconunanded only if few strains have to be studied or to get few micrograms of pure mtDNA to prepare probes or to establish physical maps or if you plan to use four cutter en mes. Only few ug of mtDNA are obtained from several grams of flies or tissue. 

Afonso JM, Pestano J, Hernandez M (1988) Rapid isolation of mitochondrial DNA from Drosophila adults. Biochem Genet 26 381-386... 

Trapitz P. and Bunemann H. 1992. Preparation of high molecular weight DNA from Drosophila adults for PFGE analysis. Trends Genet. 8 371-372. 

SERCAMED Adult head Drosophila 1002 109 540 MEDG LLDETLKFVARK lADVPDVVVDRM 70... 

Figure 2. Temporal profile of DDC enzyme activity during Drosophila development. Note the major peaks of DDC induction during late embryo-genesis, at pupariation, and at the time of eclosion of the adult from the pupal case. At these developmental times when there is extensive synthesis and hardening of cuticle, the induced DDC in the hypoderm is involved in this process. Levels of DDC in the CNS show much less developmental variation (Hirsh, 1986). Figure adapted from Hirsh, 1986.

Drosophila melanogaster is another dipteran where pheromone biosynthesis has been studied [92]. Adult sexually mature female D. melanogaster utilizes primarily Z7,Z11-27 H as a contact sex pheromone. The biosynthesis of this compound follows the biosynthesis of other hydrocarbon-derived pheromones (Fig. 3). It is biosynthesized in oenocytes [93], transported through the hemo-lymph by lipophorin [94], and deposited on the cuticle surface. Biosynthesis in the oenocytes follows a similar pathway [95] as that described for the house fly... 

MATH proteins have also been shown to regulate the in vivo transcription of endogenous host cell genes in differentiated adult tissues when transgenes coding for these proteins were introduced into the laraval stages of the insect Drosophila [94]. 

Anesthesia for flies. 1 ml of Fly-Nap (Carolina Biological Supply Co, Burlinton, NC) is added to the foam pad of bottom of the Drosophila Anesthetizer (Carolina Biological Supply Co, Burlinton, NC). Fifty to hundred adult flies are placed into the chamber for 3-5 min until they stop moving see Note 1). 

Curtis NJ, Ringo JM, Dowse HB. (1999) Morphology of the pupal heart, adult heart, and associated tissues in the fruit fly, Drosophila melano aster. J Morphol 240, 225-35. 

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