Drosophila circadian rhythm

Experimental advances during the last decade have clarified the molecular bases of circadian rhythms, first in Drosophila and Neurospora, and more recently in cyanobacteria, plants, and mammals [95-99]. In nearly all cases investigated so far, it appears that circadian rhythms originate from the negative... 

Molecular models for circadian rhythms were initially proposed [107] for circadian oscillations of the PER protein and its mRNA in Drosophila, the first organism for which detailed information on the oscillatory mechanism became available [100]. The case of circadian rhythms in Drosophila illustrates how the need to incorporate experimental advances leads to a progressive increase in the complexity of theoretical models. A first model governed by a set of five kinetic equations is shown in Fig. 3A it is based on the negative control exerted by the PER protein on the expression of the per gene [107]. Numerical simulations show that for appropriate parameter values, the steady state becomes unstable and limit cycle oscillations appear (Fig. 1). 

Subsequent experimental studies have shown that the mechanism of circadian rhythms in Drosophila is more complex, since the negative... 

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We should not assume that odor coding at the level of the sensory neurons is a static phenomenon. Research on Drosophila gives us three cases where influences from the external or internal environment change response properties of ORNs. First, sensory adaptation can temporarily reset sensitivity of ORNs to persisting odorants. Next, circadian rhythms can cause daily cycles of ORN sensitivity. Finally, sensory neurons may change their synaptic properties as a result of chronic odor exposure. 

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