Diptera Drosophila

Like all Diptera, Drosophila has two paired appendages that carry olfactory sensilla (Figure 23.1A) the antennae carry ca. 1200 ORNs and the maxillary... 

Ringo, J.. Jona, G.. Rockwell. R.. Segal. D.. and Cohen, E. Genetic variation for resistance to chlorpyrifos in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera Drosophilidae) infesting grapes in Israel, /. Econ. Entomol, 88(5) 1158-1163,1995. 

Additional ocurrences as follows Pteridines occur in other Lepidoptera (204,310,311), Diptera (312), and Hemiptera (107,313,314), and other insects (50,315). Uric acid is found in other Drosophila species (253,316), other cockroaches (285,287-292), and other insects (317-321). Guanine occurs in other scorpions (322-324), spiders (322,325,326), and ticks (308,327). 

Bartelt R. J. and Jackson L. L. (1984) Hydrocarbon component of the Drosophila virilis (Diptera Drosophilidae) aggregation pheromone. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77, 364-371. 

Nemoto T., Motomichi D., Oshi K., Matsubay H., Oguma Y., Suzuki T. and Kuwahara Y. (1994) (Z,Z)-5,27-tritriacontadiene - major sex pheromone of Drosophila pallidosa (Diptera Drosophilidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 20, 3029-3037. 

Wicker C. and Jallon J.-M. (1995a) Influence of ovary and ecdysteroids on pheromone biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Fur. J. Entomol. 

Oguma Y., Nemoto T. and Kuwahara Y. (1992a) (Z)-ll-Pentacosene is the major sex pheromone component in Drosophila virilis (Diptera). Chemoecology 3, 60-64. 

Spieth T. H. (1952) Mating behavior within the genus Drosophila (Diptera). Bull. Am. Museum Nat. His. 99, 395 174. 

Diptera yponomeuta cagnagellus Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) S (11Z) tetradec-11-en-1-ol (11E) tetradec-11-en-1-yl acetate... 

Itoh T., Yokohari F., TanimuraT. and Tominaga Y. (1991) External morphology of sensilla in the sacculus of an antennal flagellum of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera Drosophilidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 20, 235-243. 

The following protocols can be used for the isolation and structural characterization of any natural bioactive peptides from the immune system of invertebrates. The different procedures that will be detailed below refer to the identification and primary structure determination of the Drosophila immune-induced peptides (19,20,23,27,30) and of bioactive peptides from the immune system of other Diptera (17,21,24,31). These approaches were also successfully used for the discovery of bioactive peptides from crustaceans, arachnids, and mollusks. These methods should be considered as a guideline and not as the exact procedure to follow (see Note 3). The suggested procedures will be reported following the normal order of execution, (1) induction of the immune response by an experimental infection, (2) collection of the immunocompetent cells (hemocytes), tissues (epithelia, trachea, salivary glands, etc.)... 

For comparison purposes, Table 5.1 shows the composition of DMEM (one of the most versatile medium formulations, typically employed in the culture of mammalian cells) and Schneider s medium (used for diptera insect cells, especially Drosophila melanogaster). A total of 34 different components are present in DMEM, although some minor variations in composition may occur between suppliers. 

Oguma, Y Nemoto, T. and Kuwahara, Y. (1992a). A sex pheromone study of a fruit fly Drosophila virilis Sturtevant (Diptera Drosophilidae) additive effect of cuticular alkadienes to major sex pheromone. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 27,499-505. 

Hirai, Y. and Kimura, M.T. (1997). Incipient reproductive isolation between two morphs of Drosophila elegans (Diptera Drosophilidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 61, 501-513. 

Moats, R.A., Bartelt, R. J., Jackson, L.L. and Schaner, A.M. (1987). Ester and ketone components of the aggregation pheromone of Drosophila hydei (Diptera Drosophilidae). J. Chem. Ecol., 13,451 162. 

Because of the important economic and applied implications of many dipteran species, and the predominant role of Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, the role of CHCs in behavior, and their varying functions and interactions with other modes of communication - chemical and otherwise - will continue to be a focus of intense interest. However, we see three related areas of research on CHCs that have barely been touched in Diptera and that could usefully be pursued. 

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