Specific Features

Specific features of the new cathode-grounded X-ray tubes shall be ... 

It is the aim of this paper to take into account a wide range of systems to which QCMD is applied. For a precise understanding of the situation, it is necessary to recognize the differences between these applications, because these differences demand for specific features of the numerical integrator. In the following, we will describe a suitable classification of the application problems. 

Structural keys describe the chemical composition and structural motifs of molecules represented as a Boolean array. If a certain structural feature is present in a molecule or a substructure, a particular bit is set to 1 (true), otherwise to 0 (false). A bit in this array may encode a particular functional group (such as a carboxylic acid or an amidelinkage), a structural element (e.g., a substituted cyclohexane), or at least n occurrences of a particular element (e.g., a carbon atom). Alternatively, the structural key can be defined as an array of integers where the elements of this array contain the frequency of a specific feature in the molecule. 

Educational programs - set of programs enabling the illustration of some specific features of x-ray and in paiticulai XRFA. 

Over the last seventeen year s the Analytical center at our Institute amassed the actual material on the application of XRF method to the quantitative determination of some major (Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ti, Mn, Fe) and trace (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, La, Ce, Pb, Th, U) element contents [1, 2]. This paper presents the specific features of developed techniques for the determination of 25 element contents in different types of rocks using new Biaiker Pioneer automated spectrometer connected to Intel Pentium IV. The special features of X-ray fluorescence analysis application to the determination of analyzed elements in various types of rocks are presented. The softwai e of this new X-ray spectrometer allows to choose optimal calibration equations and the coefficients for accounting for line overlaps by Equant program and to make a mathematic processing of the calibration ai ray of CRMs measured by the Loader program. 

If a sample of polycrystalline material is rotated during the sputtering process, the individual grains will be sputtered from multiple directions and nonuniform removal of material can be prevented. This technique has been successfully used in AES analysis to characterize several materials, including metal films. Figure 9 indicates the improvement in depth resolution obtained in an AES profile of five cycles of nickel and chromium layers on silicon. Each layer is about 50 nm thick, except for a thinner nickel layer at the surface, and the total structure thickness is about 0.5 pm. There can be a problem if the surface is rough and the analysis area is small (less than 0.1-pm diameter), as is typical for AES. In this case the area of interest can rotate on and off of a specific feature and the profile will be jagged. 

In this chapter, the elution curve equation and the plate theory will be used to explain some specific features of a chromatogram, certain chromatographic operating procedures, and some specific column properties. Some of the subjects treated will be second-order effects and, therefore, the mathematics will be more complex and some of the physical systems more involved. Firstly, it will be necessary to express certain mathematical concepts, such as the elution curve equation, in an alternative form. For example, the Poisson equation for the elution curve will be put into the simpler Gaussian or Error function form. 

The chemical nature and molecular weight of the rubber will greatly determine the properties of elastomeric adhesives. However, some common characteristics can be found in most of the rubber base adhesives. The elastomeric adhesives show the following specific features in assembly operations. 

The primary motivation of PSAs is to assess the risk of the plant to the public. The immediate purpose of the RSS was to support the Price-Anderson hearings on liability insurance (i.e., assess the financial exposure of a nuclear power reactor operator) a purpose which, even today, is beyond PSA technology. However, PSA is sufficiently precise to provide relative risk comparisons of reactor designs and sites. These uses of PSA were presented at the Indian Point hearings, and in defense of Shoreham. The PSAs for the high-population-zone plants (Limerick, Zion, and Indian Point) were prepared to show that specific features of these plants compensate for the higher population density relative to plants studied in the RSS. 

Flood Event Frequency Estimates were developed from flooding events in nuclear power plants with adjustments for plant-specific features and data. The data were from the IPE Surry flood analysis, industry sources, and licensing event reports (LERs). Some plant specific models were developed for the circulating water (CW) and service water (SW) lines... 

Plant-specific features and modeling assumptions affecting risk, and Use of IPEs for risk-based regulation. 

After the use of a chemical becomes widespread, new deleterious effects on human health may be observed. In such situations, the occupational limit values will have to be modified. Usually the OELS tend to decrease when more information on the toxicity of a chemical is obtained. Knowledge of the specific features of various chemicals is thus extremely important for planning ventilation of industrial premises. It is important to be especially aware of those chemicals that may cause long-term effects without causing any acute effects. There are also compounds such as isocyanates that are extremely irritating at concentrations as low as 0.5 ppm. However, some workers may become sensitized to isothiocyanates at a concentration of 10 ppb, and therefore this has to be taken into consideration when planning the industrial ventilation. Thus, one has to plan against compounds that can cause serious health effects at concentrations at which their presence cannot be observed by the human senses, i.e., irritation or odor. 

All the above scaling relations have one common origin in the behavior of the correlation length of statistical fluctuations, in a finite system [140,141]. Namely, the most specific feature of the second-order transition is the divergence of at the transition point, as is described by Eq. (22). In the finite system, the development of long-wavelength fluctuations is suppressed by the system size limitation can be, at the most, of the same order as L. Taking this into account, we find from Eqs. (22) and (26) that... 

Although the first ionic liquid expressly categorized as being task-specific featured the incorporation of the function within the cation core, subsequent research has focused on the incorporation of functionality into a branch appended to the cation [11]. In this fashion, a number of task-specific ionic liquids built up from 1-methyl- and 1-butylimidazole have been prepared, produced by means of the reaction between these imidazoles and haloalkanes also incorporating a desired functional group (Scheme 2.3-1). Bazureau has used this approach to prepare imida-... 

A specific attribute of unit cell building is the inclination of the axis of macromolecule chains, in relation to the normal, to the plane of the base of the cell (ab). According to Yamashita [11] this inclination is within the range of 25-35° (Fig. 4). Against the background of space lattices of other types of fibers, the lattice of crystalline regions in PET fibers is characterized by a number of specific features. These are ... 

Although the purpose here is not to give a full understanding of photoeleciron spectroscopy, it can be useful to discuss some of the specific features in a photoelectron spectrum which can be helpful for the understanding of the different examples discussed in this chapter. The main emphasis in the background to PES will be focused on the molecular solids aspect since this chapter deals with condensed conjugated systems. The interested reader can find a more in-depth discussion on the technique, relative to organic polymeric systems, in Refs. [4, 9, 10]. 

Yurchenko VS (1977) Physico-chemical Properties of Macroreticular Polyelectrolytes in Connection with Specific Features of Sorption of Organic Substances. (In Russian) Dissertation, Institute of Macromol Compounds, Acad Sci USSR, Leningrad... 

This is one of the most universal techniques for obtaining hydrogels from water-soluble polymers. Crosslinked PEO, PVA, PAAm, PAAc and its salts, as well as some polymer blends were obtained by this method. Although all polymers mentioned above have their own specific features, in most cases the gelation doses do not exceed 1-2 Mrad, i.e. they are substantially lower than for the same polymer in bulk. This is due to the fact that in aqueous media crosslinking occurs indirectly, namely because of the OH radical formation and their attack on the macromolecules. There exists a developed theory of these processes [73],... 

Poly (p-nitrophenyl acrylate)-coated wide-pore glass (WPG) was also used as an activated carrier for the immobilization of biospecific ligands and enzymes, A detailed description of properties of these sorbents and catalysts as well as some specific features of their functioning is given in Sect. 6. 

Conducting polymer composite materials (CPCM) — artificial media based on polymers and conductive fillers, have been known since the early 1940s and widely used in various branches of science and technology. Their properties are described in a considerable number of monographs and articles [1-12]. However, the publications available do not clearly distinguish such materials from other composites and do not provide for specific features of their formation. 

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