Forward Mutation Assay

In the late 1970s, a forward mutagen assay using a different strain of Salmonella was introduced by Skopek et al. (1978a). The genetic marker is resistance to 

As with the Salmonella reversion assay, this shortterm test is conducted both without (— PMS) and with metabolic activation produced by addition of post-mitochondrial supernatant containing rat liver enzymes ( + PMS). These terms are equivalent to — S9 and + S9 in the Ames reversion assay we use the latter designation for both types of bacterial assays. A more sensitive micro-forward mutation bioassay using this TM677 strain to determine the mutagenicity of indoor air particles, including ETS and wood smoke, is described by Lewtas et al. (1987). 

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TK or HPRT forward mutation assays in cultured mammalian ceils Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal assay... 

McGregor DB, Brown A, Cattanach P, et al. 1988. Responses of the L5178Y tk+/tk- mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay III. 72 coded chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen 12 85-154. 

McGregor, D.B., A.G.Brown, S.Howgate, D.McBride, C.Riach, and W.J.Caspary. 1991. Responses of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. V. 27 coded chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 17 196-219. 

Macgregor, J.T., D.H. Gould, A.D. Mitchell, and G.P. Sterling. 1979. Mutagenicity tests of diflubenzuron in the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse forward mutation assay, and the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation test. Mutat. Res. 66 45-53. 

Dichlorophenol with or without metabolic activation did not induce an increase in mutagenic response in the Chinese hamster ovary HGPRT forward mutation assay (Litton Bionetics 1986a). This compound was also inactive in the Balb/3T3 in vitro transformation assay (Litton Bionetics 1985). 

Litton Bionetics. 1986a. Mutagenicity evaluation of 2,5-dichlorophenol in the CHO HGPRT forward mutation assay. Report to Bayer AG Institut Fuer Toxicology, West Germany, by Litton Bionetics, The Netherlands. 

The genotoxicity of fuel oil no. 2, kerosene, and diesel fuel was also evaluated with the mouse lymphoma TK" " forward mutation assay (Conaway et al. 1984). The data reported was insufficient to permit a full evaluation of the results however, the authors considered diesel fuel and kerosene to be negative and fuel oil no. 2 to be positive. 

Titton Bionetics. 1980a. Sister chromatid exchange assay, Ames assay, mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay, and transformation assay for a sample containing 33-1/3% each ortho-, meta-, and para-cresol. Unpublished data submitted to EPA/OTS. Fiche no. OTS0517528. 

The genotoxic potential of brinzolamide was evaluated by the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) with S typhimurium and E coli, an in vitro mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay (MLFMA), an in vivo... 

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP, XXVIII) is a powerful human cell mutagen in strain hlAlv2, 7 times more potent than BaP (Durant et al., 1996 Hannigan et al., 1998), and a strong promutagen in both the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Eisenstadt and Gold, 1978) and the Salmonella typhimurium strain TM677 forward mutation assay (Kaden et al.., 1979) ... 

The human cell mutagenicities of several mono- and dinitropyrenes were determined by Busby and coworkers (1994b) in a forward mutation assay using a metabolically competent line of MCL-5 cells. Minimum detectable mutagen concentrations (MMC, in nmol ml-1 the smaller the detectable concentration, the greater the potency) were as follows 1,6-dinitropyrene, 0.8 1,8-dinitropyrene, 1.5 4-nitropyrene, 3.1 1-nitro-pyrene, 9.1. Other PACs tested, 2-nitropyrene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, and pyrene, were nonmutagens in this... 

Busby, W. F., H. Smith, W. W. Bishop, and W. G. Thilly, Mutagenicity of Mono- and Dinitropyrenes in the Salmonella typhimurium TM677 Forward Mutation Assay, Mutat. Res., 322, 221-232 (1994a). 

Skopek, T. R., H. L. Liber, J. J. Krolewski, and W. G. Thilly, Quantitative Forward Mutation Assay in Salmonella typhimurium Using 8-Azaguanine Resistance as a Genetic Marker, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 75, 410-414 (1978b). 

It gave a positive result in one out of seven assays for reverse mutation. However, it caused aneuploidy in two out of three assays. Assays for forward mutation or genetic crossing-over in Aspergillus nidulans gave completely negative results, as did a forward mutation assay in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 

Rudd, C. J. (1983) L5178Y TK Mouse Lymphoma Cell Forward Mutation Assay of Acrylonitrile (Final Report Prepared for Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-02-3703 SRI Project LSU-3447), Washington DC, Government Printing Office... 

McGregor, D., Brown, A.G., Cattanach, P., Edwards, I., McBride, D., Riach, C., Shepherd, W. Caspary, W.J. (1991) Responses of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay V. Gases and vapors. Environ, mol. Mutag., 17, 122-129... 

DMM, Drosophila melanogaster, vermilion forward mutation assay + 250 ppm inh Ballering etal. (1994)... 

Izutani, K., Nakata, A., Shinagawa, H. Kawamata, J. (1980) Forward mutation assay for screening carcinogens by alkaline phosphatase constitutive mutations in Escherichia coli K-12. BikenJ.,13,69-75... 

Xu, J., Whong, WZ. Ong, T.-M. (1984) Validation of the Salmonella (SV50)/arabinose-resis-tant forward mutation assay system with 26 compounds. Mutat. Res., 130, 79-86... 

Responses of the L5178Y ik Uk mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. II 18 coded... 

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