Drosophila assays

Assay for mitotic recombination in yeast and Drosophila Assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes and rodents... 

Methacrylonitrile was not mutagenic in Salmonella or Drosophila assays it was also negative in the micronucleus test. ... 

Vogel, E.W. Nivard, M. J.M. (1993) Performance of 181 chemicals in a Drosophila assay predo-... 

With the exception of transformation and Drosophila assays, microsomal enzyme S-9 activation systems can be incorporated into available protocols. 

TK or HPRT forward mutation assays in cultured mammalian ceils Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal assay... 

Tripathy NK, Dey L, Majhi B, et al. 1987. Genotoxicity of metacid established through the somatic and germ line mosaic assays and the sex-linked recessive lethal test in drosophila. Arch Toxicol 61 53-57. 

Identification of proteins that bind to Z-DNA added one further step to the establishment of the presence of Z-DNA in vivo and its possible biological role. Herbert and Rich [22] demonstrated an in vitro assay system where one type of double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase, called DRAD-binding Z-DNA. There are evidences that topoisomerase II from Drosophila, hiunan and calf thymus recognizes a number of DNA shapes, including Z-DNA [34,35]. Bloomfield and coworkers [36] have found that the condensation of plasmids is enhanced by Z-DNA conformation in d(CG)n repeats. The information related to B-Z transition [31], the effect of ligands on it [28,29] and X-ray crystal structure data [37,38] appear to suggest that the possible biological role of this polymorphic form of DNA will be soon established. 

Figure 4. DDC (A), serotonin (B), and tyrosine hydroxylase (C) immunore-activity in the posterior region of a wild-type Drosophila ventral ganglion. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) encodes the rate-limiting step in dopamine biosynthesis and is a marker for dopamine cells. B and C are the same CNS assayed for both serotonin and TH. M, medial dopamine neurons VL, ventrolateral serotonin neurons DL, dorsolateral dopamine neurons. Short unmarked arrows in C show vacuolated cells that do not contain DDC immunoreactivity. The immunoreactivity in these cells may represent a nonspecific cross-reactivity of the rat TH antibody. The length bar in A is 50 pM. The images are confocal projections generated on a Molecular Dynamics-2000 confocal laser scanning microscope.

The most dramatic illustration of the evolutionary conservation of homeobox genes comes from experiments that swap Drosophila and mammalian cognates and test for functional equivalence. McGinnis and co-workers have reported remarkable phenotypic similarities in flies that misexpress Drosophila homeobox genes or their mammalian counterparts. Indeed, this ectopic expression assay in Drosophila indicates that the Drosophila and cognate mammalian homeobox proteins are essentially functionally identical. 

Fujikawa K, Ryo H, Kondo S. 1985. The Drosophila reversion assay using the unstable zeste-white somatic eye color system. In Ashby J, de Serres FJ, et al., eds. Progress in mutation research. Vol. 5. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science Publishers, 319-324. 

IGE was mutagenic in bacterial assays with and without metabolic activation and in the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal (SERE)... 

In male and female rats exposed to 10, 50, 250, or 12 50 ppm vinyl bromide in a lifetime inhalation study, there was a dose-related increase in angiosarcomas of the liver in both sexes. A significant increase in hepatocellular neoplasms was also seen in male rats exposed at 250ppm and in female rats exposed at 10, 50, and 250ppm. The lack of increase in hepatocellular neoplasms in rats at the 12 50 ppm level was probably due to their early mortality and termination at 72 weeks. In limited mice studies, no local tumors were produced by skin application or subcutaneous administration. Vinyl bromide is mutagenic in bacterial assays and Drosophilas It is activated via a P-450-dependent pathway to its epoxide that can covalently bind to DNA. ... 

Ogawa HI, Shibahara T, Iwata H, et al. 1994. Genotoxic activities in vivo of cobaltous chloride and other metal chlorides as assayed in the Drosophila wing spot test. Mutat Res 320 133-140. 

Although circadian oscillators are found in many tissues, only two rhythmic outputs have been identified in Drosophila adults. The most extensively studied rhythmic output is locomotor activity. A group of 4—5 sLN s in each hemisphere of the brain is both necessary and sufficient to drive robust activity rhythms (Frisch et al 1994, Renn et al 1999). The other rhythmic output is in olfactory responses, which are measured using an assay of odour-induced... 

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