And carcinogenicity

M. Sittig, ed., Elandbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2nd ed., Noyes Pubbcadons, Park Ridge, N.J., 1985. 

Factors which may affect the cost of coal upgrading are environmental considerations such as toxicity, hazardous waste disposal, and carcinogenic properties (131). These and other environmental problems from process streams, untreated wastewaters, and raw products would figure significantly into the cost of commercialization. 

Interferons (lENs) (52,53), a family of species-specific vertebrate proteins, confer nonspecific resistance to a broad range of viral infections, affect cell proliferation, and modulate immune responses. AH three principal interferons, a-interferon (lEN-a) produced by blood leucocytes, P-interferon (lEN-P) by fibroblasts, and y-interferon (lEN-y) by lymphocytes, also have antiviral activity. The abiUty of interferons to inhibit growth of transplantable and carcinogen-induced tumor led to research showing the direct antiproliferative and indirect immune-mediated antitumor activities (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). IENs have been found to be efficacious in certain malignancies and viral infections, eg, hairy cell leukemia (85% response) and basal cell carcinoma (86% response). However, the interferons do have adverse side effects (54). 

E. J. Calabrese. Nutrition and Tnvironmental Health The Influence of Nutritional Status on Tollutant Toxicity and Carcinogenicity, Vol. 11, Minerals and Macronutrients, Wiey-lnterscience, New York, 1980. 

Dmg metaboHsm may also produce toxic materials. Thus, the aromatic hydroxylation of hydrocarbons such as ben2pyrene produces the highly reactive and carcinogenic 1,2-epoxides. 

In the United States, the Clean Air Act of 1990 requires plants to reduce emissions of 189 toxic and carcinogenic substances such as chlorine, chloroform, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin) by 90% over the 1990s. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is working to develop standards based on maximum achievable control technologies and the industry has invested bUHons of doUars in capital investments to retrofit or rebuUd plant equipment to meet these measures. 

Health and Safety Factors. MSA is a strong toxic acid and is corrosive to skin. The acute oral toxicity of the sodium salt in mice LD q is 6.2 g/kg. The 1976 edition of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances Hsts certain reaction products of MSA as having suspected mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic activity (410). 

Abbott Laboratories, which has conducted additional toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with cyclamate, a 10 1 mixture of cyclamate—saccharin, and cyclohexylamine, claimed to be unable to confirm the 1969 findings. Abbott then filed a food additive petition for cyclamate in 1973, which was denied by the FDA in 1980. In 1982, the Calorie Control Council and Abbott Laboratories filed a second food additive petition containing the results of additional safety studies (73). That petition was stiU pending as of 1996. Cyclamate is, however, allowed for use in any or all three categories, ie, food, beverage, and tabletop, in about 50 countries. Sweet n Low, known in the United States as a saccharin-based table-top sweetener, contains exclusively cyclamate in Canada. 

A further consensus developed within the scientific community regarding the relative carcinogenicity of the different types of asbestos fibers. There is strong evidence that the genotoxic and carcinogenic potentials of asbestos fibers are not identical in particular mesothelial cancer is mostiy, if not exclusively, associated with amphibole fibers (43). 

Exposure studies have been made using mice and rats (257). These experiments have demonstrated species differences in butadiene toxicity and carcinogenicity. Butadiene was found to be a potent carcinogen in the mouse, but only a weak carcinogen in the rat. The interpretations have focused on differences in toxification rates and detoxification metaboHsms as causative factors (257). The metaboHsm is beHeved to proceed through intermediates involving butadiene monoepoxide and butadiene diepoxide (257). A similar mechanism has been proposed for its biodegradation pathway (258). 

Animal and Human Toxicity. The acute toxicity of lindane depends on the age, sex, and animal species, and on the route of adrninistration. The oral LD q in mice, rats, and guinea pigs is 86, 125—230, and 100—127 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, most of the other isomers were considerably more toxic (94,95). Some of the other toxic responses caused by lindane in laboratory animals include hepato- and nephotoxicity, reproductive and embryotoxicity, mutagenicity in some short-term in vitro bioassays, and carcinogenicity (80). The mechanism of the lindane-induced response is not known. Only minimal data are available on the mammalian toxicides of hexachlorocyclopentadiene. 

Aluminium alkyls Chromic oxide Alkylations/Grignard reactions Acute thermal burns, lung damage Cr may be converted to the more toxic and carcinogenic Cr ... 

Partial enclosure with local exhaust ventilation, or local exhaust ventilation, of working position separate hazardous processes from other work, e.g. spray-painting with epoxy-containing sensitizing and carcinogenic compounds. 

L 5 General COSHH ACOP (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) and Carcinogens ACOP (Control... 

Provides information on how levels of exposure of hazardous chemicals affect human health. Covers levels of exposure to hazardous chemicals below which no adverse health effects are expected to occur in various segments of the human population. The reference dose and carcinogenicity assessments on IRIS can sen>e as guides in e >aluating potential health hazards and selecting response to alleviate a potential risk to human health. Hours 8 00 a.m. to 4 40 p.m. EST, Monday - Friday. 

There are numerous methods available to identify the potential for chemicals to cause both healtli conditions and adverse effects on tlie eiiviroiiment. These can include, but are not limited to, toxicology, epidemiology, molecular and atomic structural analysis, MSDS sheets, engineering approaches to problem solving, fate of chemicals, and carcinogenic versus non-carcinogenic healtli hazards... 

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