In species specificity

Marler, P. (1976) Sensory templates in species-specific behavior. In Fentress, J. (ed.), Simpler Networks and Behavior. Sunderland, MA Sinauer Assoc.. 

Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic microalgae that are abundant in the world s oceans and fresh waters. It is estimated that several tens of thousands of different species exist sizes typically range from ca 5 to 400 pm, and most contain an outer wall of amorphous hydrated silica. These outer walls (named frustules ) are intricately shaped and fenestrated in species-specific (genetically inherited) patterns5,6. The intricacy of these structures in many cases exceeds our present capability for nanoscale structural control. In this respect, the diatoms resemble another group of armored unicellular microalgae, the coccolithophorids, that produce intricately structured shells of calcium carbonate. The silica wall of each diatom is formed in sections by polycondensation of silicic acid or as-yet unidentified derivatives (see below) within a membrane-enclosed silica deposition vesicle 1,7,8. In this vesicle, the silica is coated with specific proteins that act like a coat of varnish to protect the silica from dissolution (see below). The silica is then extruded through the cell membrane and cell wall (lipid- and polysaccharide-based boundary layers, respectively) to the periphery of the cell. 

Conventional rodent toxicity studies characterize adverse effects of a chemical primarily on apical endpoints such as clinical signs or pathological states. Evidence of organ toxicity in the form of an apical endpoint does not always provide mechanistic understanding of the toxicity involved (see Chapter 13). The exposure of rodents in a cancer bioassay model can result in species-specific responses that are not relevant to humans (e.g., alpha2u-globulin-induced rat renal tumors) (see Chapter 18) (EPA 1991). Rodents may also have increased sensitivity to a particular toxicity pathway relative to humans (e.g., disruption of thyroid homeostasis and thyroid follicular tumors in rodents) (EPA 1998 I ARC 2001). There are rodent responses to chemical treatment in tissues where there is a high spontaneous incidence to develop... 

L. Adorini, F. Sinigaglia, The role of Stat4 in species-specific regulation of Th cell development by type I IF Ns,/. Immunol. 1998, 161, 6567-6574. 

Presently, distribution of TTX is known in only a limited number of organisms (Table II). Toxicity data on TTX-bearing animals collected show more or less toxicity in them irrespective of local and individual variations of toxicity. All of them are found to be carnivorous. TTX in them seems to come directly from their food, such as in puffers, toxic gastropods, flatworms, and starfish, and is accumulated in species-specific organ(s). 

Ngampasutadol J, Ram S, Blom AM et al. Human C4b-binding protein selectively interacts with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and results in species-specific infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005 102 17142-17147. 

Harrington et al. labeled a copper-containing protein rusticyanin (Rc) with Cu for use as a spike material in species-specific isotope dilution analysis, and... 

The data evaluation for species-specific isotope dilution is achieved by peak area determination of the respective isotope peaks. A detailed description of the data evaluation in species-specific isotope dilution methods with ICP-MS detection can be found in Section 7.5.5. In species-specific isotope dilution procedures, isotopically labelled species are required, and the preparation of isotopically labelled methylmercury and butylated tin species is also described in detail in Section 7.5.5. 

The continuously aspirated aqueous standard of choice may also be used for simultaneous mass bias correction in species-specific isotope dilution analysis, e.g. by aspirating thallium... 

In species-specific isotope dilution, the chromatographic peak shape is also very important, and symmetrical peaks without tailing are desirable. Isotope ratios are usually calculated on the respective isotope peaks, integrated over the whole peak width. Uncertainty in peak integration will directly translate into uncertainty in the result, and must therefore be minimised. 

Mass bias is another ICP-MS parameter that induces differences between measured isotope ratios and their true values. Mass bias in ICP-MS is mainly due to effects in the extraction region of the ICP-MS, which suppress transmission of lighter isotopes relative to heavier ones into the mass analyser. Mass bias cannot be solved instrumentally, but must be determined by measuring standard solutions with known isotopic composition. In species-specific isotope dilution, generally a simple linear approach is applied ... 

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