Nutritional status

Where the nutritional status of must is known (or thought) to be an issue, supplementation is recommended. Unlike yeasts, which grow well on formulations rich in diammonium phosphate, LAB require preformed amino acids and, thus, this source on nitrogen is not particularly stimulatory. Proprietary formulations are available specific for LAB. 

Thermal treatment of red wine must for enhanced color extraction may also impact development of subsequent LAB populations. With the exception of Pediococcus pentoseus, which has been isolated from thermally treated musts at 40°C/104°F (Barre, 1978), LAB growth and MLF is rarely observed in resultant wines (Beelman and Callander, 1970 Beelman et al., 1980). 

Hepatic depletion of vitamin A stores is caused by chronic ethanol consumption (Bonjour, 1981). Night blindness suffered by alcoholics has been attributed to a low intake of vitamin A (McClain et aL, 1979). However, Sato and Lieber (1982) have demonstrated that ethanol depletes hepatic vitamin A stores in baboons and rats even when it is administered in combination with a nutritionally adequate diet. In addition, animals consuming ethanol in marginal diets were depleted more rapidly of vitamin A. No effect of ethanol intake on retinol binding protein or on serum vitamin A levels could be detected in these studies. Leo and Lieber (1982) found that hepatic vitamin A was depleted to one-fifth of normal levels in alcoholics with only moderate liver disease. Sato and Lieber (1982) observed that retinoic acid was more rapidly metabolized by the MFO system after chronic ethanol intake, and they postulated that vitamin A depletion was the result of MFO enzyme induction. 

Excess vitamin A and other synthetic retinoids have been shown to prevent chemical carcinogenesis (Sporn et al., 1976) and to inhibit the 

Selenium status is also adversely affected by chronic ethanol intake. Recently, Dutta et aL (1983) showed a significant depression in plasma selenium levels in hospitalized alcoholics. Urinary excretion was also low in these subjects, who were otherwise well nourished. The authors pointed out that alcoholic beverages contain very low levels of selenium. Several investigators have demonstrated that in the selenium-deficient animal, hepatic preneoplastic foci development is enhanced (O Connor et aL, 1983 O Connor and Campbell, 1984). Ethanol could thus indirectly enhance tumor development by depleting selenium stores. 

Studies in experimental species demonstrate that methyl donor availability affects the methylation of iAs. In mice exposed to arsenite (As ), depletion of the intracellular pool of 5-adomet by treatment with periodate-oxidized adenosine (PAD), an inhibitor of 5-adomet synthesis (Hoffman 1980), results in reduced urinary excretion of DMA (Marafante and Vahter 1984). Marafante and Vahter (1986) showed that consumption of choline-deficient diet decreased the urinary excretion of DMA and increased tissue As retention in rabbits given 0.4mg arsenate (As )/kg i.v. The same effect of a diet deficient in choline, methionine, and protein was observed in rabbits after administration of 0.4mg As Vkg i.v. (Vahter and Marafante 1987). 

In relation to the threshold hypothesis discussed above. Mass (1992) has proposed an interesting hypothesis for the role of methylation in the toxicity and carcinogenicity of As which incorporates elements related to the dietary 

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Because adraiaistratioa of GRF is presumed to act through the same mechanisms iavolved ia ST mediatioa of metaboHsm and tissue growth, similar iateractions with gender, genotype, and nutritional status are expected. 

E. J. Calabrese. Nutrition and Tnvironmental Health The Influence of Nutritional Status on Tollutant Toxicity and Carcinogenicity, Vol. 11, Minerals and Macronutrients, Wiey-lnterscience, New York, 1980. 

The magnitude and composition of root exudates are a reflection of the physiological condition of the plant imposed by factors related to light (intensity, duration, and quality), temperature, soil pH, anaerobiosis, soil moisture, soil type, and nutritional status. The in-... 

The expected outcomes for the patient may include an optimal response to dierapy, management of constipation, adequate nutritional status, and an understanding of and compliance witii die prescribed treatment regimen. 

ANAOOLIG STEROIDS. The nurse evaluates and records tiie patient s physical and nutritional status before starting therapy with anabolic steroids. The nurse takes the... 

A susceptible population will exhibit a different or enhanced response to methyl parathion than will most persons exposed to the same level of methyl parathion in the environment. Reasons may include genetic makeup, age, health and nutritional status, and exposure to other toxic substances (e g., cigarette smoke). These parameters result in reduced detoxification or excretion of methyl parathion, or compromised fimction of organs affected by methyl parathion. Populations who are at greater risk due to their imusually high exposure to methyl parathion are discussed in Section 6.7 Populations With Potentially High Exposures. 

The activation of apo-transketolase(the enzyme protein) in erythrocyte lysate by thiamin diphosphate added in vitro has become the accepted index of thiamin nutritional status. 

Although riboflavin is fundamentally involved in metabolism, and deficiencies are found in most countries, it is not fatal as there is very efficient conservation of tissue riboflavin. Riboflavin deficiency is characterized by cheilosis, lingual desquamation and a seborrheic dermatitis. Riboflavin nutritional status is assessed by measurement of the activation of erythrocyte glutathione reductase by FAD added in vitro. 

No other organ system has the same level of exposure and diversity of responses to phytochemicals. Because virtually all characteristics of the GIT are influenced by phytochemicals, there are many opportunities to improve health and nutritional status. Our objective in preparing this contribution was to provide readers with insights into the known and potential interactions... 

Dworkin, B., Rosenthal, W.S., Jankowski, R.H., Gordon, G.G. and Haldea, D. (1985). Low blood selenium levels in alcoholics with and without advanced liver disease. Correlation with clinical and nutritional status. Dig. Dis. Sci. 30, 838-844. 

Klein PD, Roseiand Klein E (1987) Stable isotope usage in developing countries safe trace tools to measure human nutritional status. IAEA Bulletin 4 41-44. 

As mentioned before and in Chaps. 4 and 6, the concentration of rhizode-position decreases as the distance from the rhizoplane increases, whereas the opposite generally occurs for the concentration of any plant nutrient in soil. In this context, the role of rhizospheric soil, rather than that of the bulk soil, is crucial for plant nutrition. It has also to be considered that very different situations can occur depending on the type of nutrient (24) and the nutritional status of plants (see Chap. 3) furthermore, different portions of the root system are characterized by differential nutrient-specific rates of uptake (25). All the above statements point to the necessity of reconsidering the concept of plant nutrient availability giving more importance to the situation occurring in the soil surrounding the root. 

Table 4 Release of Reducing Root Exudates (e.g., Phenolics) by Peanut Plants as Affected by Fe Nutritional Status and Short-Term (10 h) Supply of a mMl-containing nutrient solution...

K. Venkat Raju, H. Marschner, and V. Riimheld, Effect of iron nutritional. status on iron uptake, substrate pH and production and release of organic acids and riboflavin by sunflower plants. Z. Pflanzenerenaehr. Bodenk. I32 ll (1972). 

A. Walter, A. Pich, G. Scholz, H. Marschner, and V. Romheld, Effects of iron nutritional status and time of day on concentrations of phytosiderophores and nico-tianamine in different root and shoot zones of barley. J. Plant Nutr. 18 1511 (1995). 

F. Zhang, V. Rdmheld, and H. Marschner, Relea.se of zinc mobilising root exudates in different plant species as affected by zinc nutritional status. J. Plant Nutr. 14 675 (1991). 

Clearly, the concentration of exudates and rhizodeposits depends on soil nutritional status and on plant species this may affect the microbial utilization and subsequent turnover of rhizodeposits in soil. 

Statistical analysis of the microbial communities associated with the root tips of iron stressed and nonstressed plants revealed the formation of distinct communities in response to plant iron nutritional status (Fig. 5B and C). Communities associated with the older root parts clustered similarly, whereas sites of lateral root emergence and nongrowing root tips differentiated to a lesser degree than the communities associated with the rapidly growing primary root tips (data not shown). 

P. Marschner, D. E. Crowley, and B. Sattelmaeher, Root colonization and iron nutritional status of a Pseudomonas fluore.scens in different plant species. Plant Soil 796 311 (1997). 

A. Tunlid and D. C. White, Biochemical analysis of biomass, community structure, nutritional status and metabolic activity of microbial communities in soil. Soil Biochemistry, vol 7 (G. Stotzky and J. M. Bollag, eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992, p. 229. 

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