Vertebrates proteins

Interferons (lENs) (52,53), a family of species-specific vertebrate proteins, confer nonspecific resistance to a broad range of viral infections, affect cell proliferation, and modulate immune responses. AH three principal interferons, a-interferon (lEN-a) produced by blood leucocytes, P-interferon (lEN-P) by fibroblasts, and y-interferon (lEN-y) by lymphocytes, also have antiviral activity. The abiUty of interferons to inhibit growth of transplantable and carcinogen-induced tumor led to research showing the direct antiproliferative and indirect immune-mediated antitumor activities (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). IENs have been found to be efficacious in certain malignancies and viral infections, eg, hairy cell leukemia (85% response) and basal cell carcinoma (86% response). However, the interferons do have adverse side effects (54). 

Klumpp S, Krieglstein J (2005) Reversible phosphorylation of histidine residues in vertebrate proteins. Minireview Biochim Biophys Acta 1754 291—295... 

Collagen is the most abundant extracellular matrix protein family in vertebrates. Proteins in the collagen superfamily all have three polypeptide chains with the required -Gly-Xaa-Yaa- repeated sequence, where Xaa and Yaa are frequently proline and 4-hydroxyproline, respectively. At present, more than 30 molecular species of vertebrate proteins called collagen are classified into 28 types as type I, II, III,..., XXVIII. They are typically called type N collagen , or collagen N . In addition, there are many more collagen-like proteins that... 

Doolittle, R. F., The genealogy of some recently evolved vertebrate proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 10 233-237, 1985. 

Kaser, A., Winklmayr, M., Lepperdinger, G., and Kreil, G. (2003). The AVIT protein family. Secreted cysteine-rich vertebrate proteins with diverse functions. EMBO Rep. 4, 469—473. 

What, if anything, can be said about the evolutionary relationship between apoLp-III and exchangeable vertebrate apolipoproteins Both bind to lipoproteins and seem to have similar structural motifs. Whether apoLp-III is the ancestor of the vertebrate proteins can not be stated with... 

Researchers Identified the transcription factors downstream from TGFp receptors In Drosophila from genetic studies similar to those used to dissect receptor tyrosine kinase pathways (see Section 14.3). These transcription factors in Drosophila and the related vertebrate proteins are now called Smads. Three types of Smad proteins function in the TGFp signaling pathway receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads), co-Smads, and Inhibitory or antagonistic Smads (TSmads). 

The frog TGF(3 family members called BMP2 and BMP4 have inductive effects similar to those of Dpp protein and indeed are the vertebrate proteins most closely related in sequence to Dpp. Most or all components of the TGF(3 signaling pathway, including Smad transcription factors, appear to be present and participating in development in all animals... 

A related vertebrate protein, neurogenin, is required for formation of neural precursors and also controls their division Into neurons or glial cells. 

Figure 10). Both the sequence and tertiary structures of these three glycoproteins are very similar, and all three vertebrate proteins utilize the same four residues and synergistic carbonate anion to provide a distorted octahedral Fe +-binding site. 

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a vertebrate protein consisting of two domains, one of which contains a heme. The ferrous heme domain binds nitric oxide, which activates the other domain... 

Keilin and Wang (107) have pointed out, this correlation, which holds within the group of vertebrate proteins, breaks down when we include the erythrocruorins. 

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