Substance carcinogenic

Group I includes the strongest (so-called obligate) carcinogens, which are invariably capable of inducing cancer disease in man, their carcinogenic action having been repeatedly demonstrated in experiments on animals (e.g. / -naphthylamine, benzo[a]pyrene). 

Group II contains the strong carcinogens — substances inducing tumours in a fairly short time in most laboratory animals, the carcinogenic effect on the man being probable (e.g. aminoazo compounds, nitrosoamines). 

Group III includes moderate carcinogens. These are many substances inducing tumours in a smaller fraction of experimental animals (up to 20%) and during their long-term action, i.e. in the second half of the life of these animals. Their carcinogenic effects on the man are still a matter of debate. 

Group IV includes weak carcinogens, which have induced tumours in certain laboratory animals, however, in general the experiments with these substances have so far yielded controversial results. 

It needs to be emphasized that only the carcinogenic action of pure substances has been considered. Living organisms, however, come into contact with mixtures of substances, where the carcinogenicity of one substance may be affected by the other compounds and also by physical factors (such as ultraviolet radiation). 

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In the United States, the Clean Air Act of 1990 requires plants to reduce emissions of 189 toxic and carcinogenic substances such as chlorine, chloroform, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin) by 90% over the 1990s. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is working to develop standards based on maximum achievable control technologies and the industry has invested bUHons of doUars in capital investments to retrofit or rebuUd plant equipment to meet these measures. 

The food additive and GRAS rules appHcable to human foods generally apply to animal food ingredients. However, the Delaney clause s prohibition against carcinogenic substances in food additives was amended to permit carcinogenic chemicals to be fed to animals if the animals are not adversely affected and no residue can be found after slaughter. 

A1 - Confirmed Human Carcinogens. Substances, or substances associated with industrial process, recognized to have carcinogenic potential. 

H7 Carcinogenic substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the... 

It is important to calculate die hazard index separately for clironic, subclironic, and short-temi exposure periods as described below. It is also important to remember to include RfDs for die noncancer effects of carcinogenic substances. 

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988, Approved Code of Practice Control of substances hazardous to health and Approved Code of Practice Control of carcinogenic substances ... 

A1 — Confirmed Human Carcinogens. Substances, or substances associated with industrial processes, recognized to have carcinogenic potential. A2 - Suspected human carcinogens. Chemical substances, or substances associated with industrial processes, which are suspect of inducing cancer, based on either limited epidemiological evidence or demonstration of carcinogenesis in one or more animai species by appropriate methods. 

Health surveillance is appropriate unless exposure is insignificant (Control of Carcinogenic Substances ACOP, 15-18)... 

L5 COSHH Control of substances hazardous to health Control of carcinogenic substances. 

One important point of controversy in risk extrapolation is the existence of the threshold level for carcinogenic and mutagenic response to a pollutant. Some argue that an organism is able to cope with low doses of a substance through metabolic processes or repair mechanisms, so that harmful effects do not appear until a certain minimum threshold, or "safe dose", is surpassed. Others contend that a carcinogenic substance must be considered potentially harmful at any dose, and that even a single molecule may initiate a tumor at the cellular level. This is the so-called "one-hit" hypothesis. 

Fraser, J. 1980. Acclimation to lead in the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus. Oecologia 45 419-420. Friberg, L. 1988. The GESAMP evaluation of potentially harmful substances in fish and other seafood with special reference to carcinogenic substances. Aquat. Toxicol. 11 379-393. 

Carcinogenic solvents, 23 113 Carcinogenic substances, dose-response relationship for, 25 236. See afso Carcinogens... 

The use of chlorine for disinfecting wastewaters or drinking water has become widespread in this century. Recently, however, the increasing presence and variety of aquatic contaminants has raised the question of the chemical fate of these contaminants when subjected to aqueous chlorination [36]. In fact, the production of organochlorine compounds in chlorinated water, including mutagenic and carcinogenic substances, is well established [37,38], A number of alternatives to chlorination are used in many parts of the world, but the risks associated with their by-products are even less well established [39],... 

Restrictions on Marketing and Use Directive. Sets detailed restrictions and total bans on a number of individual substances, e.g. the use of TBT in paint, the use of cadmium, the use of carcinogenic substances as well as approximately 30 other substance specific measures (EU, 1976). 

Amlacher E, Rudolph C. 1981. The thymidine incorporation inhibiting screening system (TSS) to test carcinogenic substances (a nuclear DNA synthesis suppressive short term test). Arch Geschwulstforsch 51 605-610. 

Concern about this troublesome aspect of the behavior of scientists acting as technical advisers and decision makers was expressed by the same former Commissioner of Food and Drugs in the context of regulating carcinogenic substances in the environment. He stated(3d) ... 

Under the law the FDA is charged with enforcing, carcinogenic substances such as DES can be used in food animal production, as long as no residue of the drug is found in edible products, in this case beef. 

Kennaway, E. L. and Hieger, I. (1930) Carcinogenic substances and their fluorescent spectra. British Medical Journal. 1, 1044-1046. 

Other Toxicity Concerns. Additional toxicity concerns include interference with normal metabolism and function of mucosal cells, for example, water absorption by these cells [80]. The unconjugated bile acids are known to block amino acid metabolism [81] and glucose transport [82]. There is a possibility of biotransformation of these enhancers to toxic or carcinogenic substances by hepatic monooxygenases [83]. Absorption of permeation enhancers into the systemic circulation can also cause toxicity, for example, azone [84] and hexamethylene lauramide [85] which are absorbed... 

Benzene is a chemical species called an aromatic hydrocarbon. It turns out that rings such as the one in benzene are found in the majority of the molecules that we encounter moving forward hormones, neurotransmitters, antibiotics, amino acids, nucleic acids, many pharmaceutical products, carcinogens, substances of abuse, and so on. So it is worthwhile to get some feeling for what is going on with benzene and its relatives. 

Universal precautions training that complies with the OSHA standard on occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, as well as a fire training program, should be provided on an annual basis for all laboratory employees. Personnel are required to use proper personal protective devices when handling corrosive, flammable, biohazard, or carcinogenic substances. Eye wash sta-... 

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