Burns thermal

Tensile yield strength, 103 lb in-2 Thermal Burning rate, mm min Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 10 °C 50-90 0.5-2.2 50-90 50-80 50-60 10-13 Self- extinguishing 40-55 46... 

Tensile yield strength, 1Q3 lb in-3 Thermal Burning rate, mm min Not Not Not Not Not Self- Self-... 

Certain oxidizing/redueing eompounds and salts whieh, in the form of solid (bulk or dust) or as solution, ean produee iiTitation by thermal burns. 

Aluminium alkyls Chromic oxide Alkylations/Grignard reactions Acute thermal burns, lung damage Cr may be converted to the more toxic and carcinogenic Cr ... 

Treaf for thermal burns - more fhan one burn sife may be presenf... 

The new hand protection standard resulted from OSHA s belief that many hand injuries result from not wearing hand protection or wearing protection for the wrong type of hazards. Employers should evaluate and provide hand protection when there are hazards to hands from absorption of harmful substances, severe cuts or lacerations, severe abrasions, punctures, chemical burns, thermal burns, and harmful temperature extremes. 

Type of Energy Input Thermal (burning of air-fuel mixt) Thermal (ionized gas) Thermal (electrical) Thermal (comprsn)... 

PCP can apparently be inhaled by a person working in a PCP laboratory when the laboratory catches fire. Eight acutely intoxicated people were admitted to the LAC/USC Medical Center prison wards with PCP toxicity and thermal burns incurred during explosions of volatile chemicals in makeshift PCP laboratories (McCarron et al. 1981a). 

Non-DNA-binding agents include the vinca alkaloids and etoposide. These agents tend to cause injury in the pattern of a thermal burn and are cleared more easily from interstitial spaces. Thus they are more readily neutralized and tend to have a better healing prognosis. 

Inhalation and dermal absorption mustards no antidote. For lewisite and ewisite/ mustard lmixtures British Anti-Lewisite (BAL or Dimercaprol) IM (rarely available). Thermal burn therapy supportive care (respiratory support and eye care). 

Thermal burns result from the radiant heat emitted by a hydrogen fire and absorbed by a person, which is directly proportional to many factors including exposure time, burning rate, heat of combustion, size of the burning surface, and atmospheric conditions (mainly wind and humidity). For instance, thermal radiation flux exposure level of 0.95 W/cm2 may cause skin burns in 30 s. Cryogenic burns may result from contact with cold fluids or cold vessel surfaces. Exposure to large liquefied hydrogen spills could result in hypothermia, if proper precautions are not taken [17]. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular exanthema of swine, vesicular stomatitis, foot rot, swine pox, chemical burns, and thermal burns. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, vesicular exanthema of swine, rinderpest, infectious bovine rhinopneumon-itis, bovine virus diarrhea, malignant catarrhal fever, bluetongue, bovine papular stomatitis, mycotic stomatitis, photosensitization, cowpox, pseudo-cowpox, pseudo-lumpy skin disease, bovine herpes mammillitis, Potomac Valley fever in horses, foot rot, chemical burns, and thermal burns. 

The heat of reaction can cause thermal burns, ignite combustible materials, or initiate other chemical reactions. Flammable, corrosive or toxic gases are often formed as reaction products. The violence of some reactions may disperse hazardous materials. Even slow reactions can generate sufficient heat and off-gases to overpressurize and rupture a closed container. 

The fourth column presents the radius of 50% mortality by thermal burns. The fireball from a nuclear explosion can reach temperatures in the tens of millions of degrees Fahrenheit and cause thermal burns at large distances. This intense heat can also cause temporary or permanent blindness and can ignite materials far from ground zero. Heat from the fireball will be felt instantly in all directions from ground zero thus, the longer a person remains out in the open, the more intense the thermal burns will be. However, the heat from the fireball lasts only several seconds and can be shielded by solid materials like brick and earth (e.g., behind a wall or hill, in a ditch or subway tunnel, etc.). The risk of thermal burns drops with increased distance from ground zero. 

The final column presents the radius of 50% mortality from fallout 1 hour after the explosion. Of all of the threats described, fallout is the hardest to predict because of the influence of local, regional, or even global weather patterns. The mushroom cloud can rise into the atmosphere as far as 80,000 feet, where wind and rain influence the time and location for fallout to occur.2 Individuals several miles from ground zero and well outside any radius presented in Table 5.1 can receive significant or even lethal radiation doses from fallout. However, while the air blast, thermal burns, and initial radiation are threats in all directions, fallout is a threat downwind from ground zero. Wind speed and direction vary at different altitudes, and it is safest to assume that fallout is a potential threat in all directions from ground zero. Individuals outside the blast zone generally will have several minutes to an hour or more to seek shelter before fallout arrives. 

Thus, every fraction of a second in the open increases radiation dose and the likelihood of serious thermal burns. The instant an individual realizes that a nuclear explosion has occurred, he should place as much solid material between his position and the rising fireball. The solid material can be a concrete or brick wall, deep ditch, building (preferably not constructed of glass), or anything that can act as a shield against radiation and heat. 

Shielding material can be brick, concrete, steel, wood, or even the earth. Ideally, the shielding material will not collapse from the explosion or air blast or burn from the heat. If available, an underground shelter is the best option to avoid the air blast, thermal burns, initial radiation, and fallout. However, most victims do not have time to be terribly selective about where to seek shelter. The innermost rooms of a building may be the only shelter available. While they do not provide the same level of shielding as an underground basement, they provide more protection than an open environment. Seek the best shield in the immediate vicinity and stay there at least several minutes until the initial radiation and heat subside. 

The intense initial heat lasts several seconds and the initial radiation lasts only a few minutes. Seek shelter behind some solid barrier (i.e., a brick wall or subway tunnel) as soon as possible to avoid high radiation doses and thermal burns. Hopefully, this solid barrier will also be able to endure the coming air blast. An air blast from a nuclear explosion travels at approximately 5 miles per second and carries with it glass, metal, or any debris in its path. By immediately retreating behind a solid barrier, individuals can avoid exposure to the initial heat and radiation and hopefully survive the air blast. The next challenge is seeking long-term shelter to avoid the radiation from fallout. 

Prolonged skin contact with the liquid results in both systemic toxicity and the formation of large vesicles after a latent period of several hours. The affected skin may resemble a second-degree thermal burn. 

In an experimental investigation, four human subjects tolerated 0.57 ppm iodine vapor for 5 minutes without eye irritation but all experienced eye irritation in 2 minutes at 1.63 ppm. In patients exposed to air saturated with iodine vapor for 3-4 minutes for therapeutic purposes, there was brown staining of the corneal epithelium and subsequent spontaneous loss of the layer of tissue recovery occurred within 2-3 days. Iodine in crystalline form or in strong solutions is a severe skin irritant it is not easily removed from the skin, and the lesions resemble thermal burns with brown... 

Toxicology. Yellow phosphorus fume is an irritant of the respiratory tract and eyes the solid in contact with the skin produces deep thermal burns. Prolonged absorption of phosphorus causes necrosis of facial bones. 

Mild to moderate - For the treatment of mild to moderate noninfectious allergic and inflammatory disorders of the lid, conjunctiva, cornea, and sclera (including chemical and thermal burns) (prednisolone). 

Corneal injury For corneal injury from chemical, radiation, or thermal burns, or from penetration of foreign bodies. 

In discussing the effect of mustard on the intestinal tract, Cullumbine pointed out that severely poisoned men suffered loss of water and electrolytes because of vomiting, diarrhea, and vesication. Oligemia and irreversible circulatory failure follow, much as in thermal burns. He showed the importance of the loss of water and electrolytes by experiments in which the mortality rate of poisoned rats and rabbits was greatly reduced by the administration of physiologic saline solution either by mouth or by injection. 

Topical sucralfate (4-10%) is also useful in management of decubitus ulcer, diabetic ulcers, chemical and thermal burns, radiation induced skin damage, vaginal ulceration, oral and genital ulceration. 

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