The procedure

Plastic boats should be avoided as the fluorescamine solution dissolves plastic. 

A standard solution of albumin (bovine serum) of concentration 4 mg/ml. Define the concentration accurately by diluting in water to give A279 of 0.140, corresponding to a concentration of 200 fig/ ml (determined from the molar absorption coefficient at 279 nm for albumin in aqueous solution of 45 000). Dilute this solution 1 4 to give a final concentration of 50 fig/m.  

Standard incubations are set up in duplicate in the range of 0-10 fig albumin (0-200 p of prepared standard) in 5 mM phosphate buffer (up to 3 ml volume). 

The various samples to be investigated, containing an amount of protein in the range of the assay in 3 ml, are set up in triplicate. 

From the standard plot, the number of free amino groups in the sample under investigation can be determined. 

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The procedure would then require calculation of (2m+2) partial derivatives per iteration, requiring 2m+2 evaluations of the thermodynamic functions per iteration. Since the computation effort is essentially proportional to the number of evaluations, this form of iteration is excessively expensive, even if it converges rapidly. Fortunately, simpler forms exist that are almost always much more efficient in application. 

If maltenes are subjected to liquid chromatography (see 2.1.2.4) the components eluted by the more polar solvents are called resins. Their composition, once again, depends on the procedure used. 

Because of their diversity and complexity as well as the gradual internationalization of the different standards, it has proven necessary to standardize the methods of sample preservation, handling, fractionation, and analysis throughout the chain of separation and treatment. All these stages are the object of precise protocols established by official national and international organizations. They describe in as minute detail as possible the procedures employed not only for each analysis but very often giving different procedures for the same analysis in different matrices. These are the standards or standardized methods discussed in Chapter 7. 

The procedure applies to stabilized, i.e., debutanized, crudes, but can be applied to any petroleum mixture with the exception of liquefied petroleum gas, very light naphtha, and those fractions having boiling points over 400°C. 

The powerful solvent properties of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), for example, are used to dissolve selectively the polynuclear aromatics found in oils and paraffins. The procedure is shown in Figure 2.5. 

An important application of this type of analysis is in the determination of the calculated cetane index. The procedure is as follows the cetane number is measured using the standard CFR engine method for a large number of gas oil samples covering a wide range of chemical compositions. It was shown that this measured number is a linear combination of chemical family concentrations as determined by the D 2425 method. An example of the correlation obtained is given in Figure 3.3. 

Additionally, more sophisticated pulse sequences (the procedure is called spectral editing) enable one to obtain spectra, after addition or subtraction, where only the following are present (see, for example Bouquet, 1986) ... 

The criterion retained up to now in the specifications is not the true vapor pressure, but an associated value called the Reid vapor pressure, RVP. The procedure is to measure the relative pressure developed by the vapors from a sample of motor fuel put in a metallic cylinder at a temperature of 37.8°C. The variations characteristic of the standard method are around 15 millibar in repeatability and 25 millibar in reproducibility. 

The procedure for determining the cetane number in the CFR engine is not extremely widespread because of its complexity and the cost of carrying it out. There also exist several methods to estimate the cetane number of diesel fuels starting from their physical characteristics or their chemical structure. 

The procedure most commonly employed (NF M 07-047 or ASTM D 2274) Is to age the diesel fuel for 16 hours while bubbling oxygen into it at 95°C. The gums and sediment obtained are recovered by filtration and weighed. There is no official French specification regarding oxidation stability however, in their own specifications, manufacturers have set a maximum value of 1.5 mg/100 ml. 

In order to meet French manufacturers fuel quality specifications, a diesel fuel should contain a detergent additive whose effectiveness will have been demonstrated by the procedure described previously. 

The standards for tests, which are cited in reference to the standards for characteristics. In order for a client and his supplier to compare their results during a commercial transaction, it is important that their laboratories rigorously follow the same operating procedures. The procedures are thus precisely defined in the standards. 

Once the concept of discounting is accepted, the procedure becomes mechanical. The general formula for discounting a flow of money cooccurring in tyears time to its present value Cq assuming a discount rate r is... 

GOST 30415 specifies plans for inspection the products of different types and sets formulae for calculation of inspected numbers while applying magnetic inspection. The procedure of random inspection is predetermined to check the authenticity of the correlated relation usage and regulations are introduced to enter data file of non-destructive and parallel tests. 

The main purpose of AUGUR4.2 expert ISI is the application to zones where some flaws (indications) had been revealed by scheduled manual ultrasonic inspections. Information provided by AUGUR 4.2 is used for decision-making further surveillance of these zones or corrective measures. The procedure of AUGUR 4.2 examination is included into the approved general scheme of ISI [1]... 

Using flaw visuahzation system data the strength and fracture mechanics estimations are carried out in accordance with defect assessment regulatory procedure M-02-91 [5]. Recently, the additions had been included in the procedure, concerning interpretation of expert flaw visualization sysf em data, computer modelling, residual stresses, in-site properties of metal, methods of fracture analysis. 

This work presents two procedures of quantitative evaluation of the material discontinuities, using the eddy current method. One of the procedures concerns the long surface or subsurface crack-type discontinuities in a flat conductive body. The second procedure allows a quantitative evaluation of short discontinuities, such as voids, inclusions etc. 

For qualitative examinations of the inner cooling structures (blades and vanes) the transmission-thermography is used. The procedure is principly depicted in illustration 3. 

This first part of the standard deals with the fundamental demands that are placed on the measuring devices to be used and on the procedures to be implemented toward a definition of the relevant parameters of the imaging system /6/. 

In this paper the technical specifications of a Real Time X-Ray system are given. The procedure for inspection is explained briefly. The resolution of film and of Real Time X-Ray inspection are compared. The basic equipment needed to inspect Real Time X-Ray data is defined. 

At the end of the procedure the 3D voxels array represents the volume attenuation distribution of the examined objeet. Examination of the object may done by choosing for presentation of different layers in any direction of this 3D matrix with no additional exposures or computations. 

In case of mixed systems the procedure must be varied and it would be restricted to the special film systems of interest, of course. Mixed systems would be used by inspection companies and industrial users who normally do not dispose of the equipment for measurements as mentioned above. In these cases instead of a round robin test only periodical measurements of the properties of these mixed film systems by an independent third party institution can be used for film classification and continuous surveillance. 

It is also possible to deal with the mean scattered intensity by using a geometrical model [11]. Following the procedure of that reference, we finally get... 

The procedure was tested on a square aluminum rod, smaller than the wavelength. 

This paper describes the procedure generation, data acquisition and data visualisation functions of the CantuS system. 

The examination is made on an object (i.e. the volume of the component on which NDI information is required), using a procedure and a data organisation (i.e. the definition of the structure of acquisition data). The procedure defines the equipment. The acquisition data is produced by the equipment and arranged according to the data organisation related to the equipment. 

Assurance of Impartiality in NDT through Attestation of the Procedures of Testing. 

Metrological attestation as the procedure that ensures reproducibility and comparability of the results of measurements is specified in GOST 8.010-90 State System of Measurements. Procedures of Measurements Implementation didn t find wide use in NDT. In airspace industry, railway and naval transport the requirements of approval of test procedures is in force more than 20 years. In chemical and oil-chemical sectors the similar requirements were less explicit. In some industries, for example in building GOST 8.010-90 was not put into account. 

The procedure concerning non-destructive testing must contain function of the procedure ... 

In developing the procedure of testing the features of NDT technological process must be taken into account, particularly, availability of the object for testing, strict characteristics of NDT devices being used and other factors which influence on the accuracy and reliability of measurements. 

Metrological attestation of the procedure of testing is realized by the developing organization with the aid of experts - specialists in NDT. Metrological attestation of the procedure of testing is performed after accumulation of statistical data. 

The procedure of testing must include measurements which have to provide reliable information about the quality of the object to be tested. The list of characteristics of measurement errors is selected on the basis of the required end results, methods of its calculation, form of presentation of the accuracy factors, reliability of the end result. These factors are of utmost attention in attestation of the procedure of testing. 

Experimental investigations in attestation of the procedures of testing are performed on real test objects or on physical model that is close to the real test object. 

On the basis of positive results of the procedure attestation the statement about the possibility for use of the developed procedure is issued and approved in prescribed manner. 

The approval of the procedure of testing gives legal status to it. 

The procedure approved by Gosstandart may have status of state standard, for example, GOST Non-destructive Testing. Ultrasonic Testing of rails , where types of devices, probes, procedure of the instrument adjustment are specified. Such kind of procedure may be used on site. 

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