Cooling structure

Different cooling concepts are used for the adjustment of the heatbalance in the blades. Illustration 2a shows a hollowpoured turbine blade with complex internal cooling structure. 

For qualitative examinations of the inner cooling structures (blades and vanes) the transmission-thermography is used. The procedure is principly depicted in illustration 3. 

Fixed water spray systems designed on an area coverage basis may also be used to wet/cool structural steel supports. In this case, the placement of discharge nozzles should be close, usually within 4 ft (1.2 m) of the steelwork being protected. Alternatively additional nozzles or a separate system may be provided. 

A stack of silicon chips 14 are glued together. Each silicon chip comprises an integrated circuit and electrical leads which terminate at a focal plane. The leads contact individual photo-detectors of a detector "mosaic" 28. The array also comprises a back plane wiring 30, insulating boards 32, 34 and 36 and a cooling structure 18. 

R. Watanabe, A. Kumakawa and M. Niino, Fabrication of Panel Assembly of Functionally Gradient Material with Active Cooling Structures, Ceramic Transactions, 34, American Ceramic Society, pp.181-188 (1993). 

Alloys with Less Than 10 wt.% Mn. Alloys containing less than 10% Mn show transformation behavior similar to that of the Fe Ni alloys For Mn contents of 8 to 10%, the as-cooled structure is a dislocated lath martensite. Both the yield and tensile strengths of the alloys increase with Mn concentration. The ductile-brittle transition temperature, however, is high therefore, these alloys are unsuited for cryogenic service in the as-cooled conditions. As with Fe-Ni alloys, a tempering treatment in the two-phase (a + y) region causes a decrease in the ductile-brittle transition temperature of ferritic Fe-Mn alloys This beneficial tempering... 

Alloys with 10 to 14% Mn. At approximately 10% Mn, the hexagonal e-martensite is found along with a-martensite in the as-cooled structures Alloys having 10 to 14% Mn are predominantly mixtures of a- and e-martensite after cooling to room temperature, with some admixture of untransformed y (austenite) in the 12 to 14% Mn alloys. The e-martensite phase is metastable and transforms readily to a on deformation at room temperature or below. Alloy yield strength drops dramatically as the volume fraction of e increases for Mn content of >12% (Fig. lb). On the other hand, the tensile strength remains high, presumably... 

This arrangement is similar to that of the interstage cooling structure provided earlier. However in this scenario, a portion of the feed is bypassed and mixed with reactor product after each reaction stage, and there is no need to use dedicated cooling equipment, which lowers the costs of operation. The mixture temperature must lie at an intermediate value between the feed and product temperatures. It follows that an expression for how reactor feed temperatures vary with mixing is thus necessary. 

Note that for values up to A 0.75, the PFR trajectory associated with the second reactor after cold-shot cooling achieves a lower overall residence time. Using this approach, we could compute the optimal mixing fraction for the second reactor that gives the lowest residence time overall for the two reactor cold-shot cooling structure. 

Figure 1. Overview of some cooled smelting furnace structures, a) Elkem Multi-Purpose Furnace , b) electrode seal, and c) slag flow controller [4]. Cooled structures include freeze-lined sidewalls, electrode clamps and collar, feed chutes, tap hole and slag flow controller.

The contributions to the construction and commissioning of the CMS pixel barrel detector made during this thesis were presented in this chapter. The construction of the BPIX detector included the mounting of the modules on the mechanical cooling structure, the assembly of the supply tube and the integration of the complete system. 

In the next section we will present the test results with a liquid cooled stack setup. As another parameter the number of cooUng cells in relation to the electrochemical cells (MEAs) was varied. The difference between the cooling of every cell and the cooling of every third ceU are the omitted cooling structures, which leads to a stack size reduction. For the experiments the total mass flow of the coolant was set to a constant value of 4 kg min at both configurations. 

Inspection of water-cooled structures associated with nuclear. .. 77/04... 

Keywords Slab continuous casting. Mold, Deformation of copperplates. Cooling structure. 

A finite-element thermal-stress model of continuous casting mold is conducted to predict deformation of copper plates and its change with different cooling structure. The results show that deformation behavior of copper plates is mainly governed by cooling structure and thermal-mechanical conditions, deformation amount is related to structure geometry, and a small deformation mutation occurs in cooper-nickel boundary due to different properties. The maximum deformation of hot surface centricities of wide face locate at 100 mm below meniscus and that of narrow face locate at meniscus and terminal of water slots and sigiiiiicant curvature fluctuations on both sides of copper-nickel boundary. The maximum deformation of centricities is increased up to 0.05 mm with thickness increment 5 mm of copper plates, and maximum deformations are only depressed 0.01 mm and 0.02 mm with increments of 1 mm nickel layer thickness and 2 mm water slot depth respectively. 

Figure 2. Deformation on hot surface of mold copper plates (a) wide face (b) narrow face Effect of Cooling Structure...

The deformation of copper plates presented specific regularity subject to cooling structure, mold geometry and heat-transfer conditions and maximums are 0.34 mm and 0.4 mm on wide and narrow face reflectively and appeared m meniscus. 

Hearth (e-beam evaporation) The water-cooled structure that has a depression called a pocket in which the material to be evaporated is contained. See also Liner, pocket Pocket Skull. 

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