Qualitative examination

For qualitative examinations of the inner cooling structures (blades and vanes) the transmission-thermography is used. The procedure is principly depicted in illustration 3. 

Carbon and Hydrogen.—The piinciple of the method is that described under qualitative examination, but the substance and the pioducts of combustion, viz., carbon dioxide and water, are weighed. The following appaiatus is required. 

The lines in the spectrum from any element always occur in the same positions relative to each other. When sufficient amounts of several elements are present in the source of radiation, each emits its characteristic spectrum this is the basis for qualitative analysis by the spectrochemical method. It is not necessary to examine and identify all the lines in the spectrum, because the strongest lines will be present in definite positions, and they serve to identify unequivocally the presence of the corresponding element. As the quantity of the element in the source is reduced, these lines are the last to disappear from the spectrum they have therefore been called the persistent lines or the rates ultimes (R.U. lines), and simplify greatly the qualitative examination of spectra. 

The first two PCs account for 85% of the total variance of the data set. The PCA highlights that the sample is placed in the area of the mastic resin cluster. This confirmed the hypothesis made on the basis of a qualitative examination of the mass spectra, even though the sample is clearly shifted at lower values of PC2 with respect to the centroid of the mastic cluster. This was attributed to the presence of other substances mixed with the resin, and/or to a different quantitative distribution of the triterpenoids present in the censer with respect to the reference raw mastic resin. 

One of the simplest and most common ways to evaluate a molecule for ADME properties is a qualitative examination of its basic descriptor values such as molecular weight (MW), ClogP for lipophilicity, polar surface area (PSA), counts of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors (HBD, HBA), and count of rotatable bonds (RB). This type of approach popularized by Lipinski s famous Rule of 5 was published a decade ago [6]. Lipinski et al. established cutoffs for MW (500), ClogP (5), HBA (10), and HBD (5). These cutoffs were based on the 90th percentile of distributions of molecules in the World Drug Index having USAN or INN names. The Rule of 5 considers a violation of any two of these cutoffs to be an alert for poor absorption or permeability. 

For dust-control work, it is recommended that a preliminary qualitative examination of the dust first be made without a detailed particle count. A visual estimate of particle-size distribution will often provide sufficient guidance for a preliminary assessment of requirements for collection equipment. 

Measurement of the physieal properties of feed and produet phases (e.g., mass densities, viseosities, surfaee tensions, and wettability) and their dependenee on temperature on typieal equipment materials Qualitative examination of the mass transfer intensity of a single droplet (kicking drop)... 

Phthalocyanines and metal phthalocyanines which require high probe (and often high source) temperatures (>350°C) in conventional El mass spectrometry, readily give molecular ions as the base peak 65b) in FD spectra and minimal fragmentation occurs, providing a rapid method for the qualitative examination of mixtures of phthalocyanines. 

The probability of a particular transition from v" = 0 to an upper vibrational level v is determined largely by the product of the wavefunctions for the two states, A qualitative examination of the wavefunctions in the upper state, iin Fig. 3.6 shows that and hence the product i/r,.,i/r(. , is a maximum around v = 4 thus the vibrational transition corresponding to v" = 0 - v = 4 is expected to be the most intense. On the other hand, the wavefunction at v = 0 is very small hence the v" = 0 - v = 0 transition should be weak. The right side of Fig. 3.6 shows the corresponding intensities expected for the various absorption lines in this electronic transition. 

The stoichiometry of the cerium(IV) reaction with m-Cr(0H2)2(C204)2 was investigated by quantitative and additional qualitative examination of the reaction products. 

With qualitative structure-activity relationships (SARs), the correlation of toxic effect with structure is made by visual comparison of the structures of the chemicals in a series of congeneric substances and the corresponding effects their structural differences have on toxic potency, for example, as represented by their LD50 values. From qualitative examination of structure-activity data the chemist may be able to see a relationship between structure and toxicity, and identify the least toxic members of the class as possible commercial alternatives to the more toxic members. 

We have already indicated that the coefficient kx in Equation (42) has been calculated for spheres by various theoretical models. While this coefficient is a measure of concentration effects, we do not pursue its derivation. Instead, we qualitatively examine the effect of particle crowding as the origin of the positive deviations from the Einstein theory that inevitably set in at higher concentrations, as seen in Figures 4.10 and 4.11. 

A method for physically separating turbostratic carbon and graphite involves shaking a sample into suspension in ethylene bromide of sp gr 2.17 and centrifuging. The method is unreliable except where fine carbon and coarse graphite are admixed it can be an aid in qualitative examination. 

Our data demonstrate that the accumulation of contaminants in phytoplankton deviates significantly from this classical pattern and instead shows an S-shaped or sigmoidal pattern of accumulation. This sigmoidal pattern is characterized by an initial instantaneous accumulation based on the time resolution attainable in laboratory experiments, followed by a lag period of approximately 1 day and then a slower but sustained period of accumulation. Although clear deviations from the classical model can be detected in some cases from a qualitative examination of the data, Brisbin et al. (30) reported a quantitative assessment in which the statistical significance of the sigmoidal nature of a data set is determined. 

Detection of Heavy Metals.—The interior of the mass is examined with a lens for metallic globules (sometimes entering during soldering), which should be collected and analysed in the usual way. Qualitative examination of the interior of the mass for heavy metals is carried out as follows ... 

Analysis of white lead includes, besides technical tests [see General Methods), qualitative examination for the detection of impurities and adulterants [see paragraph i) and certain quantitative determinations (see succeeding paragraphs),... 

Qualitative Examination.—A few grams of the substance are treated repeatedly with boiling water and filtered the solution may contain lead acetate and calcium sulphate (if both are present, however, soluble calcium acetate and insoluble lead sulphate are formed). In the solution lead is tested for with hydrogen sulphide, calcium (after elimination of the lead) with ammonia and ammonium oxalate, and sulphuric add with barium chloride. Acetic add may be detected in a separate portion of the substance by moistening it with sulphuric add and a few drops of alcohol and heating gently in presence of acetates, the odour of ethyl acetate is observed. 

Qualitative Examination,—A portion of the substance is moistened with ammonium sulphide a blackish coloration indicates presence of lead or iron, and a yellow one, cadmium or arsenic. The presence of the latter is best shown by dissolving about 1 gram of the substance in a little concentrated hydrochloric acid and adding 5 c.c, of Bettendorf s reagent (see VoL I, p. 18) presence of arsenic is manifested by a brown coloration, followed by a black precipitate if arsenic is absent, no coloration will be observed even after an hour. 

As regards chemical analysis, besides a partial qualitative examination as indicated in paragraph 1 (below), the determinations described in para-... 

Qualitative Examination.—A portion of the pigment is treated with a little water and this tested with sensitive litmus paper an acid reaction indicates the presence of free sulphuric acid. The substance is then boiled with excess of water and filtered, the filtrate being tested for lime and sulphuric acid (gypsum) and chlorides. 

The qualitative examination is completed by testing for artificial organic colouring matters by treatment in the hot with alcohol, either alone or in presence of acetic acid or ammonia (see also General Methods, p. 371). 

Qualitative Examination.—This is carried out as with English red and iron minium as far as the detection of calcium sulphate, carbonates, silica, barium sulphate, ferric oxide and alumina, manganese, lime, magnesia, sulphates and artificial organic dyes is concerned. 

Qualitative Examination.—A little of the substance is heated in a glass tube the colour should change to deep red and become yellow... 

The tests to be made on such products consist mainly in the technical tests of the quality and intensity of the colour, covering power, fastness to light and to atmospheric and chemical agents and behaviour towards other pigments these tests are made by the ordinary general methods. As regards chemical analysis, this is usually limited to a qualitative examination for the detection of any adulterations. 

Phenrat, T., Marhaba, T.F. and Rachakornkij, M. (2007) XRD and unconfined compressive strength study for a qualitative examination of calcium-arsenic compounds retardation of cement hydration in solidified/stabilized arsenic-iron hydroxide sludge. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 133(6), 595-607. 

The same investigators qualitatively examined the organic acids in orange juice by GLC (100). They reported the following acids lactic, oxalic, malonic, phosphoric, succinic, benzoic, adipic, malic, tartaric, iso-citric, aconitic and citric. They (100,101) also examined commercial sucrose and citric acid in an attempt to detect acidic impurities in these adulterants. Differences in the acid patterns were observed, but they concluded that the levels in sugar and citric acid were too low to be useful in detecting adulterations. 

If it appears that upon a qualitative examination that the role of circulation time, blend time, and shear rate may not be important to the process on scaleup, then go ahead and use geometric similarity on the pilot plant study and all of these differences noted above will play no part in the results of the scaleup prediction. It may be that there are compensating effects that while circulation time becomes longer and shear rates become larger, there is a compensating effect that makes the process result satisfactory. 

To qualitatively identify the shape of individual particles in the drug delivery system, single particles were identified on ten serial microscopic sections. The profiles of the particle on each section were digitized and the consecutive two-dimensional profiles were reconstructed in three dimensions using a SpaceGraph 3D display (Genisco). The display permitted qualitative examination of the reconstructed particle in all directions. 

The results on the hydrolysis of partially methylated /3-casein by plasmin indicate that proteins radiomethylated to a low level can serve as substrates for trypsin-like enzymes and probably for proteinases in general. Because it is likely that methylation will interfere with enzymatic attack at lysine residues, the complete hydrolysis of /3-casein probably would not be possible. Studies on mastitic milk demonstrate the usefulness of 14C-methyl proteins for qualitative examination of protein hydrolysis in complex multiprotein systems where resolution and characterization of individual protein fragments is difficult. The requirements in such studies are the availability of pure samples of the proteins under investigation and a suitable technique for separating the radio-labeled protein from hydrolytic products. 

The relation between the mobility of the ion and the properties of the resin can be qualitatively examined with the aid of Stoke s law for the drift of a spherical object in a viscous medium (see, for example, Ref.27)). The mobility of a sphere of radius r, embedded in a medium of viscosity p and subjected to a force is... 

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