Petroleum mixtures

The procedure applies to stabilized, i.e., debutanized, crudes, but can be applied to any petroleum mixture with the exception of liquefied petroleum gas, very light naphtha, and those fractions having boiling points over 400°C. 

Large quantities of butane are shipped under contract standards rather than under national or worldwide specifications. Most of the petrochemical feedstock materials are sold at purity specifications of 95—99.5 mol %. Butane and butane—petroleum mixtures intended for fuel use are sold worldwide under specifications defined by the Gas Processors Association, and the specifications and test methods have been pubHshed (28). Butanes may be readily detected by gas chromatography. Butanes commonly are stored in caverns (29) or refrigerated tanks. 

In the fire codes, the atmospheric boiling point is an important physical property used to classify the degree of hazardousness of a Hquid. If a mixture of Hquids is heated, it starts to bod at some temperature but continues to rise ia temperature over a boiling temperature range. Because the mixture does not have a definite boiling poiat, the NFPA fire codes define a comparable value of boiling poiat for the purposes of classifying Hquids. For petroleum mixture, it is based on the 10% poiat of a distillation performed ia accordance with ASTM D86, Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products. 

In view of the above adverse effects a safety factor should be applied where flammability is assessed using flash point. For pure liquids in containers the vapor should be considered potentially flammable if the liquid temperature is upward of at least 5°C below the reported flash point. For mixtures whose composition is less certain, such as petroleum mixtures, the safety factor should be about 15°C relative to the flash point [55]. Where combinations of adverse effects are identified the safety factors should be increased accordingly. A simple but very conservative approach is to assume that all liquids having a flash point <141°F may produce a flammable atmosphere under some ambient conditions, even where no mist or froth production is involved. A more practical approach is to assume that liquids handled in air at least 5-15°C below their closed cup flash points will not present ignition risks unless... 

Absorbing oil is seporoted from tbe petroleum mixture colled wild... 

For petroleum spirit, a petroleum mixture or carbon disulphide, check the road tanker for compliance with Schedule 2 Construction of Road Tankers. ... 

Arosolvan A solvent extrachon process for removing aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum mixtures, using N-methyl pynolidone (NMP) containing 12 to 14 percent water at 20 to 40°C. Developed by Luigi, and first used commercially in Japan in 1961. 

Weisman, W. 1998. Analysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Environmental Media. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Criteria Working Group Series, Vol. 1. Amherst Scientific Publishers, Amherst, MA.(See also Vol. 2, Composition of Petroleum Mixtures, 1998 Vol. 3, Selection of Representation Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Fractions Based on Fate and Transport Considerations, 1997 Vol. 4, Development of Fraction-Specific Reference Doses and Reference Concentrations for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons, 1997 and Vol. 5, Human Health Risk-Based Evaluation of Petroleum Contaminated Sites, Implementation of the Working Group Approach, 1999.)... 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a suite of compounds comprised of two or more condensed aromatic rings. They are found in many petroleum mixtures, and they are introduced to the enviromnent predominantly through natural and anthropogenic combustion processes. 

The fate of four petroleum mixtures has been evaluated using three approaches—evaluating the fate of (1) indicator chemicals, (2) the mixture of the whole with a surrogate, and (3) the hydrocarbon mixture as a whole. The four mixtures were crude oil, JP-5, mineral spirits, and diesel. The choice of approach requires the consideration of availability and quality of data on the mixture, the mobility and toxicity of the mixture, and the availability of site data (Custance et al. 1992). 

The photocycloaddition of a carbonyl compound to an olefin with the formation of an oxetane 3 was first observed by Paterno and Chieffi in 1909.1 They reported obtaining a compound in good yield from the irradiation of benzophenone in a petroleum mixture rich in 2-methyl-2-butene, for which they proposed the oxetane structure. Although Paterno and Chieffi had suggested the correct structure, it was not until 1954 that Buchi and his collaborators reinvestigated this reaction and... 

As the number and complexity of the molecules in a mixture increase, the separation between the bubble-point and dew-point lines on the phase diagram becomes greater. Phase diagrams of several petroleum mixtures are shown in Figures 2-32 through 2-36.8 9,10,11 12... 

In Chapter 5 we will attempt to make sense of the wide variety of shapes and sizes of phase diagrams for various petroleum mixtures. 

Later we will see that K-factors are correlated with a property termed convergence pressure. Convergence pressure will be defined in Chapter 14. The set of K-factor correlations in Appendix A is for use with petroleum mixtures having convergence pressures close to 5000 psia. 

Notice that the K-factor charts in Appendix A apply to petroleum mixtures which have convergence pressure of 5000 psia. The other charts of this correlation (not reproduced in Appendix A) are for use with mixtures with other convergence pressures. A value of convergence pressure applicable to the fluid of interest must be estimated in order to select the correct set of graphs. 

Experimentally determined K-factors normally are plotted against pressure on a log-log scale. Figures 14-1 and 14-2 show equilibrium ratios of two typical petroleum mixtures for several temperatures. 

The lightest component of petroleum mixtures always is taken to be methane. The hypothetical heavy component is represented by a critical temperature and a critical pressure calculated as the weighted average of the true critical properties of all components of the liquid except the lightest. 

The best source of K-factors is laboratory data on the same or a similar petroleum mixture. The nature of the experimental procedures is such that small variations in measurement are magnified when K-factors are calculated from the data. Thus it is desirable to have a method of... 

This chapter is an introduction to utilizing equations of state in gas-liquid equilibria calculations. It conveys a general understanding of the subject and is as simple and short as possible. Many of the complexities of this subject are not discussed. Thus, the study of this chapter will not result in the ability to apply equations of state to complex petroleum mixtures. 

C3 + property of propane-plus fraction of the petroleum mixture... 

Compositions of petroleum mixtures sometimes are represented adequately in terms of some physical property. Three examples appear in Figure 14.5. Straight line combining of mixtures still is valid on such diagrams. 

The condensation is conducted in the usual manner, the heating being continued for three hours. The yield is about 19 per cent. The dichloride crystallises in silvery flakes from boiling chloroform or chloroform-petroleum mixture, darkening at 150° C. and melting with decomposition at 156° C. It is very soluble in acetone. It gives no coloration even on boiling chloroformic ferric chloride with its solution in alcohol. 

Tellurium O-ethylisobutyrylacetone trichloride (Formula I).— Tellurium tetrachloride (1 mol.) is heated with isobutyrylacetone (B.pt. 95° C.) (2 mols.) in chloroform solution for one hour, the reaction mixture filtered from free tellurium and evaporated in a vacuum. The trichloride thus obtained in about 30 per cent, yield crystallises from benzene-petroleum mixture as pale yellow flakes or needles, M.pt. 103° C. with decomposition. It gives no coloration with ferric chloride, and is decomposed by 5N sodium hydroxide, the odour of the O-ethyl ether of the j8-diketone being noticed. 

Hydroxymethylfurfural is a low melting compound which can be recrystallized from an ether-light petroleum mixture, forming colorless crystals which on exposure to air and light become discolored. It is miscible with water in all proportions and dissolves readily in organic solvents. Its physical properties are conveniently summarized in Table I. 

Stoddard solvent is a colorless, flammable liquid that smells and tastes like kerosene. It will turn into a vapor at temperatures of 150 to 200 °C. Stoddard solvent is a petroleum mixture that is also known as dry cleaning safety solvent, petroleum solvent, and varnoline its registered trade names are Texsolve S and Varsol 1 . It is a chemical mixture that is similar to white spirits. Stoddard solvent is used as paint thinner in some types of photocopier toners, printing inks, and adhesives as a dry cleaning solvent and as a general cleaner and degreaser. 

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