Skin disorders dermatitis

Resistance to sulfonamides is now common for N. meningitidiSy as well as in cases of bacillary dysentery. Antibiotics have generally replaced the sulfonamides for these purposes. Sulfonamides, particulady sulfisoxazole and sulfadiazine, are of value in treatment of infections due to Nocardia species, and sulfonamides are effective for trachoma. Inclusion conjunctivitis is also treated with sulfacetamide ointment. Oral administration of a sulfonamide, eg, sulfisoxazole, has been successful for treatment of lymphogranuloma venereum and chancroid Dapsone and sulfonamides have also been used for treatment of the skin disorder dermatitis herpetiformis. Sulfonamides have been used for long term prophylaxis of rheumatic fever, but are being replaced by penicillin for this purpose, except in cases of hypersensitivity to penicillin (19). 

Goldberger and Lillie in 1926 found that rats fed certain nutritionally deficient diets developed dermatitis acrodynia, a skin disorder characterized by edema and lesions of the ears, paws, nose, and tail. Szent-Gyorgyi later found that a factor he had isolated prevented these skin lesions in the rat. He proposed the name vitamin Bg for his factor. Pyridoxine, a form of this vitamin found in plants (and the form of Bg sold commercially), was isolated in 1938 by three research groups working independendy. Pyridoxal and pyridoxamine, the forms that predominate in animals, were... 

Pemphigus, bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, severe erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome), exfoliative dermatitis, mycosis fungoides, severe psoriasis, severe seborrheic dermatitis, angioedema, urticaria, various skin disorders, such as lichen planus or keloids... 

Topical corticosteroids exert localized anti-inflamma-toiy activity. When applied to inflamed skin, they reduce itching, redness, and swelling. These drugs are useful in treating skin disorders, such as psoriasis, dermatitis, rashes, eczema, insect bite reactions, and first-and second-degree burns, including sunburns. 

PIH can be observed after endogenous or exogenous inflammatory conditions. Essentially any disease with cutaneous inflammation can potentially result in PIH in individuals capable of producing melanin. Several skin disorders such as acne, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, incontinenti pigmenti, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, and morphea have PIH as a predominant feature. Exogenous stimuli,both... 

The word dermatitis denotes an inflammatory erythematous rash. The disorders discussed in this chapter include contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, diaper dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis. Drug-induced skin disorders have been associated with most commonly used medications and may present as maculopapular eruptions, fixed-drug eruptions, and photosensitivity reactions. 

Patient age and hormonal status in women should be considered in the initial evaluation of patients with skin disorders. Older patients are predisposed to developing psoriasis, seborrhea, and other skin conditions. Atopic dermatitis is most likely to occur in children. Menopausal women tend to develop brown hyperpigmentation, or melasma. Pregnant women may develop hyperpigmentation of the areola and genitalia as well as melasma. 

See Chap. 99, Dermatologic Drug Reactions and Self-Treatable Skin Disorders, and Chap. 102, Atopic Dermatitis, both authored by Nina H. Cheigh, for a more detailed discussion of this topic. 

The IgE-mediated food allergy is one of the main atopie diseases. Its symptoms, espeeially among ehildren, are not disease-eharaeteristie. GI symptoms observed after an ingestion of partieular food are eommonly thought to be the result of previously diagnosed respiratory or skin disorders, thus food allergy may remain misdiagnosed if it eoexists with asthma or atopie eezema/dermatitis. 

Dermatitis is a common inflammatory condition, which may require the use of 0 potent topical corticosteroid. Rosacea is a skin disorder whereby the blood vessels of the face become more prominent giving the face a flushed appearance. Urticaria refers to the appearance of red wheals, which may be due to on allergy. 

The 1993 Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses from the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 110 cases of dermatitis attributed to calcium hydroxide (and other calcium oxides) exposure the skin disorders resulted in a median of 9 days away from work, with 27% having more than 20 days away from work. ... 

These are the agents which can be used in various skin disorders e.g., atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis and certain types of psoriasis and other related disorders. 

The stratum corneum consists of denucleated corneocytes filled with cross-linked proteins, while the intercellular space is occupied by lipids synthesized prior to and during cornification [24], Formation of this barrier relies on the cornification of epidermal keratinocytes, which undergo growth arrest, terminal differentiation, and an epidermal-specific cell death, referred to as planned cell death [25], Abnormalities in any of these programmed events may lead to epidermal disorders such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and cancer. Flowever, biological events that enable basal cells (stem cells) to proliferate, differentiate, and commit planned cell death are still poorly understood [10]. The keratinocyte differentiation process can be stimulated by prodifferentiation agents such as extracellular calcium and 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol (referred to as vitamin D3 hereafter) [23], Aberrant or absent differentiation can be found in other skin disorders such as atopic keratosis, seborrheic keratosis, and rosacea. 

Many skin disorders are associated with at least one of the characteristics of inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperproliferation, hypodifferentiation, infection, apoptosis, and autoimmune reactions. GTPs are uniquely positioned to antagonize these conditions with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, prodifferentiation, anti-apoptosis, and inhibition of autoantigen properties. Thus, many skin conditions, including autoimmune-induced lupus and psoriasis, wounds created by trauma or infections, damage induced by environmental factors such as UVB, and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff), could be treated or managed by topical application of GTPs. 

Acetone is a liquid with a pleasant odor. It can act as a narcotic and dissolves fats from skin, causing dermatitis. Methyl- -butyl ketone, a widely used solvent, is a mild neurotoxin. Methylethyl ketone is suspected of having caused neuropathic disorders in shoe factory workers. 

In some skin disorders, a deviation from normal skin pH is observed. The skin of patients with atopic dermatitis has been shown to have elevated outside pH, especially on lesional areas, reaching values even above neutral.21,43 This can be explained by decreased level of proton-donating substances, for example, urocanic acid and amino acids.43 Higher pH on the skin surface can facilitate growth of pathogenic micro-organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, which causes problems in patients with atopic dermatitis.43 Increased pH is also found in children with seborrheic dermatitis.59... 

Evidence from at least one randomized controlled trial (level I) show that 10% urea is effective for the treatment of psorisasis, ichthyosis, and dry feet, and 4 to 10% for the treatment of dry atopic skin and senescent skin. Evidence from another well-designed clinical study (level II) supports the treatment of hand dermatitis with urea. Evidence at level I also exist showing barrier improving effects of urea in both normal and in dry skin disorders (atopic skin, ichthyosis). Furthermore, strong evidence exists (level I) for reduced susceptibility to SLS, but not to other external agents. No evidence has been found for successful treatment of seborrhoic dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, and keratosis pilaris with urea. 

Lithium carbonate (Li2C03) treatment is used worldwide for the prophylactic treatment of bipolar affective disorder. Although the molecular mechanism(s) of action remains uncertain, the efficacy is well-demonstrated and can be maintained by continued use of the drug. Lithium succinate is used to treat seborrheic dermatitis, a skin disorder. Other uses currently being explored include treating immunological disorders and cancers. Schrauzer has proposed that lithium may be an essential trace element and has suggested a daily intake of 1.00 mg day . ... 

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects the epidermis and is characterized by eczema and itching. Two percent of the adult population is afflicted by atopic dermatitis, often with the earliest manifestation first appearing in childhood.The peak incidence occurs during the fourth or fifth decade.There is a femily tendency as well as a predisposition to allergy and asthma. Periorbital inflammation is a common manifestation of atopy. Acute manifestations include exudative lesions, erythema, and edema. Chronic manifestations include dry scaly lesions with lichenification. 

Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, is a skin disorder characterized by dry, itchy, and hypersensitive skin. It is common in children but can occur at any time and age. 

The primary use of coke is a fuel reductant and support for other raw materials in iron-making blast furnaces. Coke is also used to synthesize calcium carbide and to manufacture graphite and electrodes, and coke-oven gas is used as a fuel. Coal tar, a by-product of the production of coke from coal, is used in the clinical treatment of skin disorders such as eczema, dermatitis, and psoriasis. 

QSAR, statistical, and computational methods are used to determine the possibility that a material is a sensitizer and the potential severity of sensitization. In vivo methods are useful to diagnose skin disorders such as drug eruptions, contact dermatitis, immediate contact reactions (contact urticaria), and more. Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory skin disease, marked by a delayed skin response following skin contact with an allergic chemical. Test groups must be very large to assess this effect. To test for ACD, a test article or sample(s) must be initially exposed to the same skin site/area (induction phase). After a rest period of a week or more (others say over... 

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