Phase induction

DFT molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the kinetics of the chemical reactions that occur during the induction phase of acid-catalyzed polymerization of 205 [97JA7218]. These calculations support the experimental finding that the induction phase is characterized by the protolysis of 205 followed by a rapid decomposition into two formaldehyde molecules plus a methylenic carbocation (Scheme 135). For the second phase of the polymerization process, a reaction of the protonated 1,3,5-trioxane 208 with formaldehyde yielding 1,3,5,7-tetroxane 209 is discussed (Scheme 136). 

Treatment with specific antibodies (ALG, ATG, anti-CD3, anti-CD25) is indicated during the induction phase after transplantation and in the case of acute rejection for short time periods. Therapy with nonhuman antibodies may cause sensitization. Muromonab-CD3 might initiate a cytokine release syndrome (fever, chills, headache). 

Kinetics First-order First-order after initial enzyme induction phase First-order First-order First-order... 

These assays were valuable in the early study of allergy and anaphylaxis. However, the immune response, especially the induction phase of allergy (antibody production), to low weight compounds is genetically restricted. Therefore, when the heterogeneous genetic background of humans is considered, the use of these methods is limited [56],... 

The development of respiratory hypersensitivity requires an induction phase where exposures to the sensitizer lead to an interaction with immune cells and the eventual development of specific effecter immune molecules (e.g., antibodies) and cells (e.g., T lymphocytes) [5], The induction phase can require months to years of exposure before there is a detectable immune response and/or onset of symptoms typical of respiratory hypersensitivity, including asthma. Classic IgE mediated responses have been described as Th2 cell dominant responses. A subset of CD4+ T cells known as Th2 cells push the immune response to the development of IgE and IgG4 antibodies in humans along with secretion of cytokines that attract and activate inflammatory cells such as eosinophils. 

Recent guidelines entitled Non-clinical Local Tolerance Testing of Medicinal Product from the CPMP refer to the murine local l)unph node assay as a method for the assessment of the induction phase of skin sensitisation. This method measures the ability of compoimds to induce proliferative responses in skin-draining lymph nodes. This method uses fewer animals than alternative in vivo methods and reduces the trauma to which animals are potentially subjected. ... 

HIV - The initial phase of a 6-month tuberculosis regimen consists of isoniazid, rifabutin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for patients receiving therapy with protease inhibitors or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. These drugs are administered a) daily for at least the first 2 weeks, followed by twice weekly dosing for 6 weeks or b) daily for 8 weeks to complete the 2-month induction phase. The second phase of treatment consists of rifabutin and isoniazid administered twice weekly or daily for 4 months. 

Four 250 ml standard apparatus (round bottom flask, several inlets for stirrer, reflux condenser, nitrogen flux or vaccum, thermometer, heating bath) are filled each with 38 ml of distilled water and 405 mg (1.8 mmol) ammonium peroxodisuifate.To the fourth flask, additionally 90 mg of an alkylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt emulsifier (linear Cl 0-C13 aikyl chains, 70% in water) are added. After reaching an internai temperature of 80 °C,3 g of a monomer emulsion (prepared according toTabie 3.13) are added to each of the four batches. Within an induction phase of 15 min the reactions start. This is visuaiized by the pale blue coloration of the content of the flasks.Then the remaining monomer emulsion is added over a period of 3 h.The internal temperature has to be maintained at 80 °C during the whole reaction. After ail monomer emulsion has been added, the batches are heated at 80 °C for another 30 min.Then, the flasks are allowed to cool to room temperature. Now the reaction mixtures are adjusted to pH 8.5 by addition of 5% NaOH solution. 

Because the margin of error for treatment failure and relapse is probably less in HIV-1 infected patients, the 6-month regimen should be considered the minimum duration of treatment. Delayed response to treatment is defined by the presence of either of the following after the 2-month induction phase of therapy ... 

TBC treatment (i.e., a CD4 count <200 mm disseminated TBC is present). Paradoxical worsening of the TBC after starting treatment, side effects of all the drugs causing non-adherence to ART, drug interactions and liver toxicity are arguments to delay ART in a TB-HIV-co-infected patient for 2 months (after the induction phase is over). 

Many immunosuppressive drugs act by reducing lymphocyte proliferation during the induction phase of the immune response, but some also have inhibitory actions on the effector phase. They can be classified according to their modes of action ... 

During the induction phase of anesthesia (and the initial phase of the maintenance period), the tissues that exert greatest influence on the arteriovenous anesthetic concentration gradient are those that are highly perfused (eg, brain, heart, liver, kidneys, and splanchnic bed). These tissues receive over 75% of the resting cardiac output. In the case of volatile anesthetics with relatively high solubility in highly perfused tissues, venous blood concentration will initially be very low, and equilibrium with the arterial blood is achieved slowly. 

Mucosal immunity is divided into two main components, the inductive phase and the effector phase. In the inductive phase antigen is presented which results in... 

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